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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 

1980 


Technical  Notes  /  Notes  techniques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Physical 
features  of  this  copy  which  may  alter  any  of  the 
images  in  the  reproduction  are  checked  below. 


D 
D 

n 

□ 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvertures  de  couleur 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

Tight  binding  (may  cause  shadows  or 
distortion  along  interior  margin)/ 
Reliure  serrd  (peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou 
de  la  distortion  le  long  de  la  marge 
intdrieure) 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'll  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Certains 
ddfauts  susceptibles  de  nuire  d  la  quality  de  la 
reproduction  sont  not^s  ci-dessous. 


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Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


Coloured  plates/ 
Planches  en  couleur 


l~7l       Show  through/ 
Iv  I       Transparence 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


The 

P0S9 

of  th 
film! 


The 
com 
ort( 
appi 

The 
fllmi 
insti 


Mar 
in  01 
uppi 
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Additional  comments/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires 


Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  bibliographiques 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


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D 
D 


Pagination  incorrect/ 
Erreurs  de  pagination 


Pages  missing/ 
Des  pages  manquent 


Maps  missing/ 

Des  cartes  gdographiques  manquent 


Plates  missing/ 

Des  planches  manquent 


Additional  comments/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  I'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche  shall 
contain  the  symbol  —♦-{meaning  CONTINUED"), 
or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"),  whichever 
applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la  der- 
nidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le  cas: 
le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le  symbole 
V  signifie  "FIN". 


The  original  copy  was  borrowed  from,  and 
filmed  with,  the  kind  consent  of  the  following 
institution: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de  I'^tablissement  prdteur 
suivant  : 

Bibliothdt:ue  nationale  du  Canada 


Maps  or  plates  too  large  to  be  entirely  included 
in  one  exposure  are  filmed  beginning  in  the 
upper  Inft  hand  corner,  left  to  right  and  top  to 
bottom,  as  many  frames  as  required.  The 
following  diagrams  illustrate  the  method: 


Les  cartes  ou  les  planches  trop  grandes  pour  dtre 
reproduites  en  un  seul  clich6  sont  filmdes  d 
partir  de  Tangle  sup6rieure  gauche,  de  gauche  d 
droite  et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Le  diagramme  suivant 
illustre  la  m6thode  : 


1 

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1 


A  MEMOIR 


OF 


THOMAS  STERRY  HUNT,  M.D.,  LL.D.  (Cantali.), 


Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  ;   Member  of  the  Xatiottal  Academy 

of  Ike  C.  S.,t/ie  Imperial  Carolinian  Academy, the  American 

Fhilosofhical  Society,  the  Anier.  Academy  of  Sciences, 

the  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  the  Geoloj^'iial  Societies 

of  France,  Belgium  and  Ireland ;    Officer  of 

the  O'l'ders  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  SS. 

Mauritius  and  Lazarus,  etc.,  etc.,  etc. 


By  JAMES  DOUGLAS. 


Read  before  the  American  Philosophical  Society. 
April   t,  1S9S. 


Philadelphia  : 

MacCalla  &  Company  Inc.,  Phs.,  237-9  Dock  Street. 

1898. 


^ 


2094C5 


OBITUARY    NOTICE 


OF 


Thomas  Sthrry  Hunt. 

By    JAMES    DOroi.AS. 
(Read  before  the  American  Fhiloiofihical  Society,  Afiril  i,  /3qS.) 


Among  the  most  versatile  men  of  seieuce,  of  the  present 
generation,  must  be  elassed  Thomas  Sterry  Hunt. 

He  was  prominent  as  a  ehemist  nearly  half  a  eenturv  ago, 
not  only  in  the  field  of  original  investigation,  but  as  one  of 
the  lirst  interpreters  of  the  new  chemistry  then  being  taught 
by  Gerhardt,  and  he  not  only  grew  with  the  growth  of  his 
favorite  science  up  to  the  date  of  his  death,  but  heli)ed  to 
enlarge  its  scope,  to  exj)and  its  relati(jns,  and  place  it  on  a 
new  and  more  consistent  basis. 

As  a  geologist  his  work  was  almost  confined  to  the  crvstal- 
line  and  palteozoic  rocks,  not  only  because  his  practice  in  the 
field  under  Sir  William  Logan,  in  the  Canadian  Geological 
Survey,  Avas  among  the  older  rocks,  but  because  the  investi- 
gation of  their  origin,  decay  and  metamorphosis  in  its  fullest 
sense,,  fell  within  the  scope  of  his  studies  as  a  chemist,  and 
gave  wider  range  to  his  faculties  as  a  theorist.  For  Hunt, 
besides  being  an  exact  student  of  nature,  was  a  poet,  and, 
being  a  theorist,  was  possessed  of  vivid  imagination.  He 
brought  his  chemical  knowledge  to  bear  on  the  geological 
problems  which  presented  themselves  to  him  in  most  ])er- 
plexing  jirofusion,  while  trying  to  conceive  of  the  genesis  ot 
the  crystalline  rocks.  And  he  was  of  necessity  led  on  from 
the  concejition  of  the  primal  conditions  of  our  own  globe  to 
speculations  on  the  constitution  of  the  uiiiversal  atmos|)liere 
and  the  building  of  worlds  in  interstellar  space. 

UEl'UtXTKI)    KKOM    PKOC.    AMEU.    I'HILOS.    SOC.    MEMOISIAIj    VOLOMK. 


It  was  iiiitiinil  that  tho  phase  of  iiiitieralogy,  whicli  to  liiin 
would  have  most  attraction,  and  which  he  wouhl  most  sym- 
pathetically elaborate,  would  be  tlie  chemical.  Minerals 
l)einj.i'  chemical  com|)ounds,  he  applied  to  the  study  ot  their 
constitution  and  classilication  the  cheinico- physical  law  which 
he  liad  l)een  gro])ing  after  all  his  lite,  and  clearly  formulated 
unly  in  18<S(3,  vi;^.,  "  that  the  value  not  only  of  uases  and 
\apors.  but  of  all  species,  whether  gaseous,  liquid  or  solid,  is 
constant,  and  that  the  iiiteur  il  weiuht  varies  directly  as  the 
density."'  Uiulcr  the  guidance  oi"  that  law  he  propounded  an 
entirely  new  and  original  classilication  of  mineral  species. 

It  was  therefore  |)reeminently  as  a  chemist,  whether  he 
was  laborinu'  in  the  laboratory  or  in  the  domain  of  geology 
or  of  mineralogy,  that  Hunt  was  nn)st  at  home,  and  that  he 
left  his  impress  on  the  science  of  his  day,  an  impress  which 
will  never  l)e  oft^aced. 

Tiioniiis  Sterry  Hunt  was  proud  ol'  his  second  Christian 
name,  his  mother's  patronymic,  as  more  than  one  of  his 
ilirect  ancestors  had  made  the  name  conspicuous  ;ind  famous. 
He  coul  1  trace  his  descent  almost  without  interruption  from 
that  I'eter  Sterry  who  was  ciiaplain  lirst  to  Lord  Brooke  and 
then  to  Oliver  Cromwell — who  could  preach  Puritanism  to 
the  L(jng  Parliament,  and  astutely  secure  his  own  pardon 
from  Charles  II.  A  much  more  uncompromising  and  topical 
|u*eacher  of  the  Commonwealth  was  a  member  of  the  same 
stock,  that  Thomas  Sterry  who  wrote  A  Riot,  Among  the 
Bishops  ;  or,  A  Terrible  Tempest  in  the  Sea  of  Canterbury. 

A  branch  of  the  family,  consisting  of  three  brothers, 
Roger,  Robert  and  Cyprian  Sterry,  and  a  sister,  came  to 
America  about  175o,  and  settled  in  Providence,  lioger  alone 
left  legitimate  ofFsjiring.  Two  of  his  sons,  John  and  Con- 
sider, attained  eminence  as  mathematicians  and  edited  and 
[»ublished  The  True  Hi^pnblicun,  a  leading  oi  >an  of  the  old 
JetVersonian  party.  Xevertheless  the  world  at  large  will 
hanilv  subscribe  to  the  epitaph  which  commemorates  Con- 
sider Sterry's  fame  in  Norwich  churchyard,  Connecticut. 
"  Consider  Sterry,  aged  5H  years;  died   November   15,  1817. 


5 


When  the  world  lost  iv  genius  for  matlieniiitics  and  astronomy 
.seldom  ecjualed,  rarely  surpassed.  This  monument  is  erected 
bv  tiie  Society  of  Freemasons,  ot  which  he  was  an  ornament, 
hy  whose  lustre  the  path  to  tiie  high  eminence  to  which  lie 
attained  is  made  plain  to  tlnjse  who  strive  tor  ei|ual  excel- 
lence,'' 

Jane  Elizabeth,  a  daughter  of  the  mathematician,  Consider 
Sterry,  was  married  to  Peleg  Hunt  in  IS'l'S.  Thomas  Stcrry, 
their  oldest  child,  was  born  on  September  5,  182<),  in  Nor- 
wich, Conn, 

Mr,  Hunt  moved  his  family  to  I'ouj^hkecpsie,  X.  Y.,  when 
his  son  was  about  ten  years  old.  There  the  father  died  in 
1888,  and  the  mother  returned  with  her  surviving  children 
to  her  old  home  in  Connecticut,  She  was  a  woman  in  whom 
strength  of  character  was  combined  with  tenderness.  She 
made  a  successful  struggle;  by  her  own  exerticms  educated 
her  children,  and  was  rewarded  by  their  unllagging  aft'eetion. 
Thonnis'  first  earnings  were  devoted  to  relieving  her  from  the 
burden  of  sclf-supi)ort  and  to  providing  her  with  a  home  of 
her  owr.  After  her  death  he  devoted  a  large  share  of  his 
income  to  the  maintenance  in  comfort  of  his  two  sisters. 

He  was  twelve  years  of  age  when  his  mother  returned  to 
Xorwich,  For  a  short  ])criod  he  attended  tiic  grammar 
school,  but  it  was  necessarily  for  a  short  period.  The  iinan- 
cial  exigencies  of  his  home  were  peremptory,  and  the  lad  oi' 
thirteen  had  to  earn  his  own  living.  His  iirst  employment 
was  in  a  printing  ofTice,  His  next  master  was  an  apothecary, 
and  his  third  a  bookseller.  His  inclinations  probably  dictated 
his  choice  in  eacli  case,  for  books  and  chemicals  were  already 
the  tools  with  which  he  was  shaping  his  I'ature  career.  But 
more  profitable  work  oftering  in  the  corner ,  grocery  of  the 
village  of  Greenville  near  Norwich,  the  future  chemist 
accepted  it.  Fortunately  his  duties  were  not  exacting,  for 
they  left  him  time  to  read  and  even  carry  on  some  original 
investigation,  with  the  stove  as  his  turnr  '■'■  and  the  shelves 
beneath  the  counter  as  his  laboratory,  .  v  scientific  career 
v;as  the  aim  of  his  eftbrts  and  studies.     His  most  appreciative 


6 


advisers  aiid  allio.s  were  the  local  pliysiciaus  and  their  libra- 
ries wore  his  stock  of  books.  Itis  thoughts  turned,  therefore, 
to  luediciue  and  surgery,  as  tlio  most  available  it'  not  the 
most  congenial  oi"  soientifie  pursuits,  and  a  skeleton  was 
hidden  away  among  the  boxes  and  barrels  of  the  grocery 
store,  with  his  lionic-made  chemical  ajjparatus.  But  his 
natural  l»ias  linally  asserted  itself,  and  circumstances  com- 
hined  with  his  tastes  to  enable  him  to  follow  the  ])ursuits  for 
wdiich  he  was  best  littod. 

The  sixth  annual  meeting  of  the  Association  of  American 
(Tcoiogists  and  Naturalists,  the  progenitor  of  the  present 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  was 
held  in  New  Haven  in  1845.  The  young  chemist  attended 
it  as  correspondent  for  a  New  York  newspaper.  There  was 
read  at  it  more  than  one  paj)er  which  must  have  stimulated 
his  thoughts  and  inuigination — above  all,  a  most  suggestive 
rather  than  conclusive  discussion  of  the  atomic  theory  by 
that  brilliant  but  eccentric  genius,  J.  1).  \Vhcli)lcy,  a  pajier 
glittering  with  such  ai)horisms  as  "  gravity  is  alhiiity  at  a 
distance,"  "  afhuity  is  gravity  near  at  hand,"  and  "  the 
extended  atmosphere  of  an  atom  (Sanscrit  atma,  breath, 
omnipresent  ])Ower,  first  ))rinci})le)  is  therefore  its  ]iroper 
ether,  through  wdiich  it  radiates  pulses  of  heat  and  light,  and 
is  electrically,  magnetically  and  attractively  present  in  the 
whole  st)ace." 

Thomas  Sterrv  Hunt's  name  appears  among  those  of  the 
"■entlcmen  mianimouslv  elected  members  of  the  Association. 
He  therefore  took  more  than  the  ordinary  newspaper  repor- 
ter's perfunctory  interest  in  its  proceedings.  That  of  his 
future  chief,  William  Logan,  also  stands  on  the  same  list, 
with  the  strange  title,  "  Geol.  Surveyor  of  Canada." 

The  elder  Silliman  had  lectured  at  Norwich,  and  had  there 
previously  seen  the  precocious  boy.  When  Hunt  met  him 
now  again,  his  wonderful  acquirements  and  natural  grace  of 
manner  gained  for  him  the  friendship  of  that  famous  chemist, 
as  noted  for  his  generous  appreciation  of  genius  in  others  as 
for  his  own  .scientific  position.     He  secured  his  admission  to 


t"  the 
ition. 

por- 
liis 

list, 


the  Scienoiiic  Selifujl,  auJ  gjive  him  a  j)()siti()ii  in  the  cheiiii- 
<;al  hvb()riit(irv.  There  he  at  oncie  becami!  so  useful  to  Silli- 
iiian,  Jr.,  in  making  a  series  of  water  analyses  as  to  earn  a 
Halarv,  and  ere  lono-  gain  admission  to  the  jirofessor's  house- 
liold.  His  first.  pa])er  to  Silliman's  Journal,  "A  Description 
and  Analysis  of  a  Xew  Mineral  Sj)ecics  i'(jntaining  Titanium, 
with  Some  Remarks  on  the  Constitution  ol'  Tellurium  Min- 
erals,'' is  dated  from  Yale  ehemieal  laboratory  in  February, 
1846,  and  exhibits  the  same  care  in  noting  everv  step  of  the 
analysis  and  every  resulting  reaction  as  eharacteri/ed  his 
laboratory  work  throughout  lite. 

He  wrote  to  a  friend  trom  Yale  college  laboratory.  New 
Haven,  June  25,  LSlo  : 

"  I  have  seated  myself  in  the  lal)orat(jry  with  the  llasks 
by  my  side,  so  as  to  work  anil  write  at  the  same  time.  I  am 
busily  engaged  in  the  analysis  of  corals  collected  by  the  V. .  S. 
expedition,  and  now  being  analyzed  for  Government.  '^lUiey 
are  almost  pure  carbonate  of  lime,  with  a  few  thousandths  of 
phosphoric  acid  and  ammonia,  and  occasionally  alumina. 
One  specimen  which  had  been  sent  as  a  coral  mud  or  sand,  J 
found  to   be  luhite  arsenic,  ])robably  put   up   by  mistake   on 

board  the  ship I  am  generally  occui)ied  (me  or  two 

hours  each  day  in  assisting  the  professor  (Sillimau)  in  arrang- 
ing drawings  and  specimens  for  the  lecture.  I  have  free 
access  to  the  cabinet,  and  a  key  to  unlock  all  the  cases. 
....  I  am  boarding  in  a  club  of  students  at  81.25  a  week. 
We  have  little  or  no  meat.  1  do  not  like  this  ver}'  well,  but 
it  is  cheaper,  though  I  think  I  will  board  myself  after  a 
while.  The  room  I  exj)ected  to  have  had  been  occupied,  as 
it  was  uncertain  whether  I  Avas  coming,  and  so  I  have  taken 
up  lodgings  in  the  loft  of  the  laboratory  buildiiig  itself,  and 
am  so  quite  at  home  with  chemical  a])paratus  and  {)rej)ara- 
tions  all  around,  but  they  are  congenial  spirits  as  Viw  Silliman 
remarked  when  he  showed  me  the  roinn." 

He  writes  again  on  ^[arch  23,  18-46  : 

"  My  time  is  wholly  occupied  in  part  by  chemical  analyses. 
I  have  made  an  elaborate  analysis  of  a  mineral  from  Amitv, 


N.  y.,  su|)])oscd  to  bo  AViirwickito,  but  wliicli  1  luivo  decided 
to  be  ii  new  species,  and  liiivc  nanied  Knceladitc.  The  results 
will  be  ]>ul)lislied  in  the  America7i  Journal  tor  ^[ay,  when  1 
shall  send  you  a  copy.  ]  am  now  cn<fa}.red  in  an  examination 
of  <»ur  Norwich  minerals,  the  Kdwardsite  and  Mona/ite. 
I'roi'.  Shcpard's  researches  did  not  entirely  settle  the  (piestion 
relative  to  its  com])osition,  or  identity  with  the  Russian 
Mona/ite.  I  have  also  been  assistinj:  Mr.  Silliman  in  the 
jireparation  of  an  elementary  chemistry,  which  he  is  com- 
jiiling  for  the  use  of  schools.  It  is  but  partly  iinished,  and  I 
shall  lecommencc  the  work  in  a  day  or  two." 

During  1845,  LS4()  and  bS-lT,  while  a  student  at  Yale,  he 
contributed  to  Silliman's  Journal  no  less  than  eighteen  artiV 
clcs  and  notes  long  and  short ;  and  wrote  the  organic  sections 
for  Silliman's  First  Principles  of  Chemistry.  Prof.  Silliman 
thus  acknowledges  his  debt  in  tiie  Preface  to  the  iirst  edition. 
l)ublished  in  December,  1846:  "  The  author  takes  ])leasure 
in  acknowledging  the  important  aid  derived  in  this  ))ortion 
of  the  work  from  bis  friend  and  professional  a.ssistant,  ^fr. 
Thomas  Sterry  Hunt,  whose  familiarity  with  the  ]»hilosophy 
and  details  of  chemistry  will  not  fail  to  make  hii"  one  of  its 
ablest  followers.  The  labor  of  compiling  the  organic  chem- 
istry has  fallen  almost  solely  upon  him." 

Hunt's  connection  with  the  ^'ale  College  analytical  labora- 
tory was  short.  It  terminated  by  his  appointment  as  chemist 
and  mineralogist  to  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada  in  the 
autumn  of  1846,  after  refusing  an  offer  from  Kdinbro',  of 
assistant  to  Prof.  Johnston,  of  agricult\iral  chemistry  fame, 
and  declining  the  post  of  chemist  on  Prof.  C.  B.  Adams' 
Geological  Survey  of  Vermont.  The  elder  Silliman,  in  urg- 
ing his  appointment  on  the  Governor-General  of  Canada,  Lord 
Cathcart,  says:  "  I  cannot  entertain  a  doubt  that  he  (Hunt) 
Avill,  if  appointed  to  the  post  named  within,  fully  justify  the 
strong  recommendations  of  his  friends."  Prof.  Silliman,  Jr., 
says:  "  His  youth  might  bean  objection  to  his  holding  a 
place  of  high  trust  and  responsibility,  but  I  can  assure  you 
that  his  conscientiousness  and  maturity  of   mind  are  quite 


in 


9 


i:i  urg- 


."^iinicient  ti>  warrant  liis  aj)i)<)iiitiiioiit."  I'rof.  C,  I'pliaii 
Sliupurd  predicts  that  "  lie  will  tliscliarge  all  the  duties  ol 
the  place  in  such  a  manner  as  to  enrich  science  with  many 
valualde  discoveries,"'  while  I'rol.  ,1.  ]).  Dana  "  takes  pleas- 
ure in  testifviug  to  the  abilitv  of  Mr.  Hunt,  helieving  that 
liis  personal  clniracter  as  well  as  talents  entitle  him  to  Idgh 
regard." 

The  results  justilied  the  estiniate  his  friends  had  formed  of 
the  aliility  of  the  youth  of  twenty  to  be  the  chemical  and 
mineralogical  mentor  to  the  old  trained  geologist,  Sir  W. 
Logan.  Just  before  leaving  New  Haven,  he  wrote  to  the 
ijume  friend  to  whom  the  letters  previously  (jiioted  were 
addressed:  "'  It  will  give  me  great  pleasure  to  be  enabhid 
t(^  place  my  dear  mother  in  a  situation  where  she  no  longer 
will  be  obliged  to  labor."  He  then  rather  gloats  over  some 
of  those  who  evidently  had  not  aided  him  in  his  h^fty  aspira- 
tions and  adds  :  "  This  is  perhaps  a  boyish  si>irit,  but  1  am 
a  boy  yet,  and  am  not  anythiny  else^  The  italics  are  his 
own. 

]re  entered  intoolTice  in  February.  IS-iO,  and  though  he  did 
not  write  a  separate  re])ort  for  the  year  1S4(]  and  LS4:7,  the 
influence  of  his  mineralogical  learning  on  the  stratigrai)hical 
tendencies  <jf  his  chief  is  clearly  noticeable  in  Sir  ^V. 
Logan's  report  for  that  year.  His  summers  were  spent  in 
the  field  where  he  learned  from  his  director  his  lirst  lessijns  in 
stratigraphical  geology.  There  was  assigned  to  him  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  economical  natural  resources  of  Canada  and 
the  determination  and  description  of  the  technical  ])rocesses 
best  suited  for  their  utilization.  The  first  branch  of  study 
was  pursued  in  the  summer,  and  obliged  him  to  visit  such 
remote  and  inaccessible  districts  of  Canada  as  could  be 
reached  only  by  canoe.  The  latter  branch,  involving  an 
immense  amount  of  minute  laboratory  manipulation,  was 
his  winter  em[)loyment.  But  the  routine  even  of  analytical 
work  was  not  dull,  for  every  determination  was  stored  away 
for  future  th  3(M"etical  nse,  and  tiie  most  commonplace  i'acts 
were  fitted  into  the  hyi)othetical  structure  which  he  was 
alreadv  buildiiiir. 


10 


Ilis  first  rc})ort  apitcars  in  tiie  Canadian  GcoloL'ical  Survuv 
report  for  1847.  It  and  those  which  followed  till  1852  were 
devoted  chiefly  to  the  record  of  his  examinations  of  the  min- 
eral waters  of  Canada.  From  the  analytical  results  thus 
obtained  he  drew  generalizations  which  inevitably  led  him 
into  the  field  of  geological  chemistry.  His  subsequent 
official  studies  among  the  limestones,  dolomites  and  gyp- 
sums, and  later  on  among  the  granites  and  gneisses  of  the 
crystalline  rocks,  sujiplemcnted  his  earlier  speculations  on  the 
agency  of  water  as  a  rock-forming  and  transforming  medium, 
and  opened  uj)  those  wide  vistas  of  research  and  speculation 
which  he  followed,  till  they  led  him  to  the  clear  conception 
of  his  crenitic  theory.  Ilis  <)fricial  reports  contained  the  facts 
wiiich  were  of  interest  to  the  ]ml)lic,  but  those  same  facts, 
witii  the  theoretical  deductions  he  drew  from  them,  he 
embodied  in  articles,  which  were  contributed  to  the  journal 
of  his  old  friends,  the  Silliinans,  and  were  in  many  cases 
widely  reproduced  in  Kurope.  But  in  addition  to  articles 
suggested  by  his  i)urcly  proicssional  work,  he  had  hardly 
been  domiciled  in  his  room,  which  oi)ened  off  the  laboratory 
of  the  Survey,  when  he  inaugurated  his  career  of  indepen- 
dent thought  and  original  investigation  in  theoretical  chem- 
istry by  a  "  Eeview  of  the  Organic  Chemistry  of  Mr. 
Charles  Gerhardt,''  and  by  a  ])ai)er  "  On  the  Anomalies 
presented  in  the  Atomic  Value  oi'  Suljihur  and  ^Nitrogen, 
with  Remarks  on  Chemical  Classification,  and  a  Notice  oi 
Mr.  Laurent's  Theory  of  Binary  Molecules.''  These  were 
followed  in  1849  by  a  paper  "  On  Some  Principles  to  be  Con- 
sidered in  Chemical  Classification." 

The  Bibliography  (appended)  shows  how  even  at  this  early 
period  of  his  .scientific  career  Hunt  not  only  combined  the 
routine  work  of  his  profession  as  a  chemist  with  theoretical 
speculations,  but  elevated  the  drudgery  of  the  laboratory  into 
work  of  highest  scientitic  interest,  by  drawing  far-reaching 
conclusions  from  every  series  of  determinations  which  his 
duties  required  him  to  make.  His  analysis  of  the  saline 
B])rings  of  Canada,  its  soils,  rocks  and  minerals,  undertaken 


11 

from  utilitarian  motives,  aftbrdcd  material  for  those  Inroad 
generalizations  as  to  the  genesis  of  the  material  of  the 
earth's  erust  and  the  constitution  ot  the  whole  solar  system, 
which  are  the  most  brilliant  products  of  his  maturer  thought. 
They  also  led  him  to  distrust  the  tinality  assigned  by  the 
chemists  of  the  day  to  the  atomic  theory,  as  propounded 
by  Dalton,  and  therefore  to  advocate  and  expound  the  then 
revolutionary  views  of  Gerhardt  and  Laurent.  Without  con- 
tradiction his  contributions  to  literature  at  this  period  were 
potent  agents  in  s])reading  the  doctrine  of  the  new  chemistry, 
of  which  he  was  not  onh'  a  disci})le  but  one  of  the  apostles. 
His  essay,  for  instance,  "  On  the  Theory  of  Chemical  Changes 
and  on  Equivalent  A\alues,"  published  in  Silliman's  Journal, 
^[arch,  1853,  was  reprinted  in  the  London,  Edinburgh  and 
Dublin  philosophical  magazines,  and  in  German  translation  in 
the  Chemische  Centralblatt,  Hunt  himself  considered  that  the 
views  expressed  in  this  essay,  and  which  were  elaborated  and 
applied  in  his  subsequent  essays,  "  On  the  Composition  and 
Kquivalent  Volume  of  Mineral  Species,"  "  On  Solution  and 
the  Chemical  Process,"  "  On  the  Objects  and  Method  of 
Mineralogy,"  and  "  On  the  Theory  of  Types  in  Chemistry," 
"  form  the  basis  of  a  rational  theory  of  chemistry  and  of  a 
true  mineralogical  classitication." 

When  sending  a  copy  of  his  "  Essay  on  Chemical 
Changes  "  to  a  friend  in  LS53  he  says  :  "  This  last,  unless  I 
mistake,  will  reform  entirely  the  theory  of  chemistry,  and 
although  I  can  scarcely  flatter  myself  that  my  ideas  will  all 
be  admitted  at  present  or  even  understood  I  am  sure  that  a 
century  hence  my  essay  will  be  a  landmark  in  the  ])ast  his- 
tory of  the  science.' ' 

Thirty-three  years  later,  when  the  guesses  at  truth  made  in 
his  earlier  essays  had  become  to  him  laws  beyond  question,  he 
writes  to  the  same  friend  :  "I  go  to-morrow,  ^[onday,  to 
New  York,  to  take  the  chair  at  a  grand  dinner,  April  (>,  the 
tenth  anniversary  of  the  Chemical  Society,  at  which,  as  senior 
A'ice-President,  I  am  asked  to  preside.  My  predecessors,  J. 
W.  Draper  and  J.  Lawrence  Smith,  are  gone,  and   now  after 


12 


forty  years  tlio  hoy  you  rcmeiuLer  dabbling  in  acids,  and 
making  bad  smells,  is  counted  one  of  the  veterans  of  the 
science.  This  is  one  of  the  rewards  of  a  life  of  patient 
work,  and  it  is  a  pleasant  recognition  of  honest  and  faithful 
devotion  to  my  early  love.  I  feel  that  the  volume  now  in 
press  will  make  the  new  gosj)el  of  geology  and  mineralogy, 
and  if  I  live  to  complete  my  mineralogical  text-book,  I  shall 
do  for  the  mineral  what  Darwin  did  for  the  organic  world,  or 
rather  I  have  done  that  already,  and  I  shall  do  for  it  in  the 
next  book  what  De  Candollc  did  for  botany.  1  shall  be  sixty 
years  old  in  Se])tember,  and  then  hope  to  have  my  new  book 
bound  and  off  my  hands.  I  don't  feel  old  yet,  but  I  do  feel 
as  if  I  had  done  a  great  deal  of  work,  and  as  if  my  training 
had  been  such  that  I  am  now  able  to  preserve  it  all  in  such  a 
shape  that  it  will  not  be  lost  to  the  world." 

There  runs  through  Hunt's  philosophy,  as  a  fundamental 
idea,  the  unity  of  nature  and  natural  processes,  this  unity 
extending  from  the  simplest  bodies  to  the  most  complicated, 
com])rising  the  organic  as  well  as  the  inorganic  world,  blend- 
ing ])liysical  processes  with  chemical,  and  binding  into  a 
harmonious  system  the  laws  which  regulate  and  the  forces 
which  control  and  the  substances  which  compose  the  most 
remote  bodies  of  the  universe,  as  well  as  those  which  come 
more  immediately  within  the  reach  of  hunum  research.  His 
mature  views  were  enunciated  in  "A  New  Basis  lor  Chem- 
istry," a  chemical  philosophy  published  in  1887,  a  book  of 
such  signilicance  that  Prof.  W.  Spring,  of  Liege,  translated  it 
inU)  French,  and  added  a  jtreface  from  which  we  extract  the 
following:  "Mr.  Sterry  Hunt  endeavors  to  lift  the  whole 
structure  of  chemistry  above  the  i)lane  of  the  atomic  theory 
as  received  irom  Dalton,  an  hypothesis  utterly  insuflicient  to 
explain  more  than  one  fact. 

"  To  Hunt  a  compound  body  is  not  the  resultant  of  the 
mere  juxtaposition  of  the  material  ultimates  in  wliich  are 
combined  in  some  manner  tl;e  aggregation  of  projierties  to 
which  we  apply  the  term  matter.  But  according  to  his  views, 
it  is  rather  due  to  an  interpeuetration  of  matter,  an  identilica- 


13 


ds,  and 

of  the 

patient 

I'aitliful 

now  in 

eralogy, 

,  I  shall 

orld,  or 

t  in  the 

bo  sixty 

3W  book 

do  feel 


training 


n  sue 


ha 


lainental 
lis  unity 
plieateil, 
1,  blend- 
I   into  a 
lie  forces 
he   most 
ch  come 
h.      His 
r  Chcm- 
book  ot 
1  slated  it 
tract  the 
le   whole 
e  theory 
licient  to 

it  of  the 
vliich  are 
lerties  to 
liis  views, 
dentiliea- 


tion  or  a  oomlensation  in  different  projiortions,  as  a  conse- 
quence of  which  the  properties  of  tlie  bodies  entering  the 
compound  are  lost,  as  it  were,  in  those  of  the  new  body.  We 
think  the  intention  ol  the  author  can  be  expressed  with 
sufficient  exactitude  by  comparing  such  a  compound  to  a 
resultant  of  two  or  more  forces  or  velocities.  As  a  general 
rule  the  resultant  will  possess  qualities  which,  though  they  are 
truly  derived  from  the  compound  velocities  in  some  delinite 
proportion,  are  not  necessarily  their  sum,  except  in  a  particular 
■case. 

"  AVlien  the  identilication  or  the  condensation  of  matter  does 
not  take  place  at  the  expense  oi'  species  already  chemically 
ditterent,  but  exerts  itself  upon  a  single  and  similar  sj)ccies, 
it  produces  a  series  of  new  species,  but  these  are  not  desig- 
nated as  comiiound  but  as  allotrojue  bodies.  The  diverse 
jfiates,  i»hysical  and  chemical,  whi(;h  any  given  Ixjdy  can 
a.ssume,  whether  gaseous,  lirpiid  or  solid,  are  dependent 
ordinarily  on  the  dif]ferent  degrees  of  condensation  of  a 
normal  sj)ecies.  Nevertheless,  there  are  degrees  in  the  con- 
stitutions as  well  as  in  the  essential  forhi  of  bodies,  which  are 
not  f)etrayed  by  differences  in  si)ecilic  weight. 

"  It  follows,  therefore,  that  in  ])roportion  as  condensation 
increases,  so  does  the  hardness  of  bodies,  and,  mutatis 
mutandis.  As  a  further  consetiuencc  the  sensitiveness  of  bodies 
to  chemical  action  diminishes  with  the  progress  of  their  con- 
densation. 

"  These  views  of  Hunt's  it  will  be  i)erceived  coincide 
with  those  which  guided  us  (S})ring)  some  twelve  years  ago 
in  making  certain  researches  on  combinations  of  bodies  under 
pressure."  The  author  then  quotes  from  his  paper,  "  Sur  la 
formation  de  sulfuresmetalliquessous  Taction  de  la  jjression,'' 
and  adds  :  "If  we  have  made  this  quotation,  it  is  not  to  add 
a  su)ii)lement  to  the  views  of  our  author,  far  less  to  lend  them 
needless  suj)port,  for  it  were  ])uerile  on  our  ]>art  so  to  do, 
onsiderinu  the  high  position  occupied  by  our  author  in  the 
.••(.'ientitic  world.  But  we  have  ventured  to  show  that  Hunt's 
work  has  awakened  in  us  more  than  mere  scientific  curiosit^^ 


14 


and  interest,  and  that  the  duty  of  introducing'  liis  tliought.s  to 
the  eheniists  of  France  has  naturally  fallen  to  our  lot." 

We  have  remarked  on  the  tendency  of  Hunt's  mind  to 
trace  more  than  mere  analogies  between  the  processes  taking 
jdace  in  the  different  great  provinces  of  nature.  He  is  care- 
ful to  jtrotest  against  confounding  biotical,  chemical  and 
•lynamical  activities,  but  none  the  less  he  could  see  such 
unity  of  operation  in  diversity  of  modes  and  forms,  that  the 
very  j>hraseology  he  adopted  or  invented  imjilied  clu.ser  resem- 
blances than  he  actually  wished  to  describe.  Tlie  tenns 
inter  penetration,  condensation,  identification,  by  which  he 
strove  to  explain  cheiuical  phenoiuena,  and  the  creati«m  of 
new  chemical  s{)ecies,  were  suggested,  I  think,  rather  by 
physiology  than,  as  illustrated  by  Spring,  by  <lynamics. 
While  he  admits  that  "  the  mode  of  generation  Avhich  produces 
individuals  like  the  i)arent  can  present  n<j  analogy  to  the 
jdienomena  midei  consideration,  metayenesis  or  alternate  gen- 
eration and  metamorphosis  are,  however,  prefigured  in  the 
chemical  change  of  bodies."  It  was  by  extending  to  the 
domain  of  mineralogy  .is  speculations  on  the  relations  ot 
hardness  to  condensation  and  to  the  cheniical  susceptibility 
or  chemical  indifference  of  bodies  that  he  was  led  ultimately 
to  formulate  what  he  considered  as  a  general  law  of  the  high- 
est importance,  and  of  universal  application.  As  I  have  sairl 
elsewiiere  : ' 

"  Chemistry  was  Uunt's  first  love;  and  he  never  deserted 
her.  When  he  studied  geology,  his  impulse  was  to  seek 
below  the  visible  results  of  mechanical  causes  for  the  all- 
pervading  chemical  forces  and  agencies  which,  by  c;isass«x:ia- 
tion  and  conibination,  by  integration  and  disintegration  of 
elemental  matter  throughout  all  space,  are  building  up  other 
worlds,  as  they  built  up  ours.  His  lithological  researches 
Avere  made  not  with  the  microscope,  but  in  the  chemical 
laboratory  ;  and  in  his  system  of  mineralogy,  neither  outwanl 
resemblances  nor  similarity  of  crystalline  structure,  nor  p<js- 

'  "  Biographical  Sketch  of  Thomas  .Sterry  Hont,"  Transactiona  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Mining  Engineers,  1892. 


15 


session  of  common  elements,  but  the  relation  ol'  hardness  to 
condensation  and  the  I'urtlier  relation  of  these  qualities  to 
chemical  indifference,  constituted  the  basis  for  his  classifica- 
tion of  mineral  species.  Whether  aniidst  such  a  multitude 
of  individual  species  he,  in  his  first  arrangement,  assigned  to 
each  its  proper  jilace,  may  well  be  doubted,  without  question- 
ing the  suVjstantial  correctness  of  the  principle  on  which  his 
chemical  and  natural-historical  classification  ot  minerals 
rests.  Vet  it  is  impossible  to  follow,  in  his  Systematic  Miner- 
alogy, the  beautiful  progressive  series  of  (quotients  deduced 
Irom  the  formula  V  ==  p  ~-  d  {v  being  the  coefficient  of  con- 
densation; p  the  chemical  equivalent,  and  d  the  specific  grav- 
ity) as  calculated  for  the  species  under  each  genus,  without 
being  convinced  that  Hunt  heard  and  expressed  one  c)f  those 
wonderful  harmonies  of  which  it  is  granted  to  but  few  mor- 
tals to  catch  the  theme,  amid  the  complexity  and  often 
apparent  discord  of  nature's  contending  voices.  A  very  few 
catch  even  an  indistinct  echo  oi'  one  or  another  of  the 
motives  which  dominate  the  symphonies  of  nature  ;  but 
fewer  still  hear  and  apprehend  them  so  clearly  as  to  be  able 
to  write  the  score.  The  doctrine  of  the  equivalency  ot 
volumes,  as  ajjplicable  to  liquid  and  solid  species,  as  well  as 
to  the  gases  on  which  is  founded  Hunt's  Natural  System  of 
Mineralogy,  had  dawned  on  his  mind  very  early  in  his  chemi- 
cal studies ;  but  its  laiger  significance  was  revealed  to  him 
only  toward  the  close  of  his  life,  when,  though  his  physical 
strength  was  waning,  his  mental  vision  seemed  to  be  gaining 
both  clearer  conception  and  wider  range.  To  him  the  domain 
of  chemistry  was  much  wider  than  it  had  been  held  to  be, 
under  the  old  conventional  theory,  which  drew  such  precise 
lines  between  chemical  and  mechanical  forces.  Like  most 
jjhilosophical  chemists  of  to-day,  he  regartled  all  solution  as 
chemical  union,  and  all  chemical  union  as  nothing  else  than 
solution.  In  his  view  all  precipitation  and  all  crystallization 
from  solutions  involve  chemical  change,  and  all  chemical 
species  may  theoretically  exist  in  a  dissolved  state,  from 
which  they  |»ass  into  polymeric  mineral  species,  often  insolu- 


16 


ble.     lieuardiiiii  the  same  sul)staiK'0  in  its  dirteront  polyiiierio 
-states,  due  to  ditt'creiit  degrees  ol'  condensation,  as  represent- 
inir  so  many  <lirterent  cbemical  and  mineral  species,  he,  like 
other  chemists,   was  driven   to   construct  chemical   tbrnuilas 
much  nnjre  conij)lcx  than   those  which  satisfied  the  re(|uire- 
naents  of  the  Daltonian  atomic  theory  as  it  had   been   previ- 
ously understood  ;    tor,    once  volume   is  admitted  to   be   as 
discriminatinj:-  an  element  in  chemical  chanue  as  weight   and 
■condensation  are  in  the  expression  of  \i»lumetri''  ch.mge,  the 
cnormor.s  volumetric  ditt'erence   between  gaseous  and   solid 
states  of  the  same  substance,  (jr   rather  between  a   gaseous 
chemical  species  and  a  S(jlid  mineral  s])ecies,  involves  tor  its 
exj>ression  the  use  of  numbers   which  dwarf  those  assigned 
till  recently  to  even  organic  compounds.     In  his  New  Basis 
of  Chemistry  (second  editi<  i)„  Hunt  calculates  the  equivalent 
weight  of  water  to  be  21,-Jv)U.3  ;  and  to  the  last  he  continued 
wrestling  with  the  i)roblem  of  the  actual  coi-fTicient  of  con- 
<lensation  of  each  mineral  and  chemical  species  :   liquid  water 
at  the  point  of  condensation  at  standaril  ])ressurc  being  taken 
.as  unity  (1  :  21,400).     This  New  Basis  of  Chemistry  was  to 
Hunt  no  longer  theory,  but  tact.     He  had  believed  for  many 
years  that  the  solid  and   liquid  mineral  species  known  to  us 
iire  formed  by  processes  of  intrinsic  condensation,  or  so-called 
jiolyinerization,  from  si    pier  chemical   species.      lie   knew, 
with  every  chemist,  that  the  determination  of  the  coedicient 
■of  condensation  is  a  problem  of  the  highest  moment,  a  prob- 
lem which  had  been   neglected  in  the  belief  that  it  did  not 
iidmit  of  .solution.     Wlien,  therefore,  in  1886,  he  reached  what 
he  regarded  as  a  solution  of   tliis  unsoluble   i)i'oblem,   and 
propounded  the  theorem  that  '  the  volume,  not  only  of  gases 
and   vapors,  but  of  all  species,  wiiether  gaseous,   liquid,  or 
solid,  is  constant,  and  that  the  integral  Aveight  varies  directly 
as  the  density,'    he   rejoiced  in   the  conviction   that   he   had 
realized  and  expressed  one  of  the  great  laws  of  nature,  after 
which  he  had  been  groping  all  his  life." 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  Hunt  did  not  leave  a  more  con- 
-secutive  statement  of  his  theorv  than  that  contained  in  \\\a 


in 


polvnierio 
rcprosoiit- 
s,  he,  like 
.  t'oniiuliis 
c  reciuiiv- 
>cii   i)revi- 

to  1)0  us 
'uiglit  niitl 
li.mgc,  the 

iiikI   solid 
;i   gaseous 
Ives  for  its 
io  assigned 
New  Basis 
equivalent 
3  contiiiuetl 
cut  of  eou- 
iquid  water 
:)eing  taken 
stry  was  to 
)d  for  many 
lowu  to  us 
or  so-ealled 

He   knew, 

coenieient 
ent,  a  ])roh- 

it  did  not 
3aehed  what 
•obleni,  and 
Illy  of  gases 
,  liquid,  or 
ries  direetly 
hat  he  had 
nature,  after 

I  more  eon- 
ained  iu  hia 


17 


New  Basis  and  his  Mineralogy.     The  defect   of  his   literary 
method  Avas  his  desire  to  claim  and  j)rove  ))riority  fur  his  views. 
His  constant  references  to  earlier  writings  destroy  often  tiie 
continuity  of  his  argument  and   weaken  its   ellect.     It    was 
unfortunate  that  he  could  not  merge  his   i)ersonality  into   his 
work,  and  let  the  work   alone  speak  for  itself.     It   was   also 
unfortunate  tiiat  his  self-conlidenee  and  bigoted  reliance  in 
his  own  o})inions  involved  him  in  bitter  controversies,  which 
alienated  old  friends,  and  which  were  not  conducted  with  that 
humility  and  difrulence  which  is  the  spirit  most   l)ecoming  in 
discussing  subjects  so  undemtnistrable  as  problems  in  geology 
and  theoretical  chemistry   usually  are.     These   causes  with- 
out doubt  weakened    his  personal   inlluence    while   he   was 
alive,  and  now  diminish  unwarrantably  the  currency  of  his 
l)ooks,  and  retard  the  serious  consideration,  if  not  the  adoption, 
of  the  magnificent  generalization  of  which  he  was  the  author. 
How  wide  was  his  knowledge  and  his  grasp  of  thought,  how- 
vivid  his  conceptions  and  incisive  his  style,  can  best  be  judged 
by   a   perusal  of  his  essays:     "A  Century  of    l^rogress  in 
Theoretical     Chemistry,"    delivered    at     Priestley's  grave; 
"  The  Chemistry  of  the  Primeval  Earth,''  a  lecture  delivered 
'nefore  the  Koyal  Institute  in  1867  ;    "  On  the  Chemistry  of 
the  Earth,"  contributed  to  the  Smithsonian  Reports  for  18(39, 
and  the  group  of  essays  dealing  with  celestial  chemistry,  writ- 
ten about  the  year  1880,  including  "  The  Chemical  and  Geo- 
logical Relation  of  the  Atmosphere"  and  "  Celestial  Chem- 
istry from  the  Time  of  Newton,"  read  before  the  Cambridge 
Philosophical  Society  on  the  occasion   of  his  receiving  fron> 
the  University  of  Cambridge  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
When   dealing    with    subjects    like    these,  which    gave    full 
scope  to   his  imagination,   as  well  as   drew  upon  the  vast 
resources  of   general  scientific   learning   which   were   stored 
away  in  his  memory,  the  full  breadth  of  Hunt's  mind  as  well 
as  the  profundity  of  his  knowledge  and  the  intensity  of  his 
industry  are  displayed. 

His  speculations  led  him  into  the  realm  of  all  the  sciences, 
in  all  of  which  he  was  more  than  superficially  versed.     He 


18 


thus  of  necessity  giithered  from  his  wide  reading  germs  of 
tliought,  of  which  wlien  fidl}'  developed  lie  forgot  the  source 
of  inspiration.  On  the  other  hand,  his  own  writings  contain 
suggesti(jns  which  have  as  unconsciously  been  adopted  and 
expounded  by  others  wii''^  have  tailed  to  give  credit  U) 
the  creative  mind.  For  instance,  the  fundamental  idcit,  of 
Lord  Kelvin's  address  to  the  liritish  Association  in  Toronto  in 
1897  is  contained  in  Hunt's  i)a])er,  ''The  Primeval  Atmos- 
l)liere,"  ])resented  at  first  meeting  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  after  the  War  (l.S(»()). 
lie  there  shows  that  a  layer  of  ordinary  coal  one  metre  in 
thickness  would  sulhce  to  convert  into  carbonic  acid  the 
whole  of  the  oxygen  of  the  atmosphere. 

His  courage  was  indomitable  to  the  last.  After  condens- 
iuLi'  and  summarizing  the  conclusions  of  fortv  years  of 
thought  in  his  New  Basis  of  Chemistry,  jmblished  in  1887,  he 
set  himself  to  apjilying  to  mineralogy  his  theory  of  conden- 
sation more  systematically  and  thoroughly  than  he  had  done 
in  his  tentative  ]iapers  in  a  natural  system  of  mineralogy  and 
the  classilication  of  silicates.  lie  wrote  this  work  when  con- 
fined to  his  room  by  mortal  lingering  illness  and  hardly  able 
to  crawl  from  his  bed  to  his  desk.  lie  needed  but  few  books 
to  supi).lcmeut  his  memory  in  preparing  the  genera  and  species 
under  which  he  ranged  the  principal  individuals  of  the 
mineral  kingdom.  And  no  sooner  was  his  arduous  task 
completed,  than  he  planned  and  commenced  another  work 
which  he  entitled  77ie  History  of  an  Earth.  In  it  his  purpose 
was  to  elaborate  his  crenitic  theory  and  trace  throughout  the 
growth  of  the  earth's  crust  the  influence  of  water  as  a  chemi- 
cal agent,  under  heat  and  pressure,  in  decomposing  the 
fundamental  rocks  of  our  globe,  and  out  of  these  decayed 
ingredients  building  up  the  older  crystalline  rocks  and  creat- 
ing most  of  our  mineral  deposits.  As  these  Azoic  rocks 
came  to  be  destroyed  by  telluric  agencies,  of  which  water 
was  the  most  potent,  he  would  have  shown  how  the  new 
world,  fit  for  the  support  of  vegetable  and  animal  life,  was 
-created  from  the  ashes  of  the  older  rocks.     No  writer  could 


iby 


19 


iienu.s  of 
lie  source 
3  contiiiu 
pteil  iiHil 
credit  to 
.1  iJeii,  t)t' 
^oroiito  ill 
il  Atiuos- 
i  Associa- 
ir  (ISOG). 
metre  in 
acid   the 

'  condens- 

years  of 
II  1887,  lie 
)f  couden- 

had  done 
alogy  and 
when  con- 
ardly  ul)le 
few  books 
,nd  species 

s  of  the 
uous  task 
ther  work 

s  purpose 
ighout  the 
s  a  chcnii- 
iing  the 
e  decayed 

and  creat- 
/oic  rocks 

ich  water 
the  new 
,1  life,  was 

iter  could 


;have  told  tliC  story  as  he  did,  for  hi  intellectual  equipment 
consisted  not  oidy  of  i)rofouud  and  curious  clieiuical  knowl- 
•edge,  won  as  much  from  lalxn'atory  work  as  from  hooks,  but  o( 
nK)re  than  au  amateur's  ac(|uaintance  with  the  laws  of  physics. 
His  study  of  geology,  both  stratigraphical  and  chemical,  was 
■coeval  with  his  employment  as  a  youth  by  the  Canadian 
'Geological  Society.  He  was,  nnjreover,  a  good  mathema- 
tician, and  what  is  an  ecpially  imj)ortant  (|ualification  in  a 
student  of  the  chemistry  of  tlie  universe,  and  of  the  develop- 
ment of  the  globe,  a  ))oet.  But  death,  kept  at  bay  for  several 
years  by  his  determination  to  live  and  complete  his  miner- 
alogy, at  length  comiuered,  and  his  vision  of  the  earth's  birth 
and  growth  remained  written  only  in  fragments.  It  is  imjtos- 
.sible  to  assign  to  every  thinker  his  due  share  of  the  world's 
intellectual  progress.  Few  claim,  and  to  still  fewer  is  assigned 
by  universal  consent,  the  discov'eries  of  any  of  nature's  great 
secrets,  or  the  formulation  of  one  of  nature's  imiversal  laws. 
Whether  Hunt's  law,  that  the  volume  ot  all  species,  whether 
li([uid,  gaseous  or  solid,  is  constant,  and  that  "  the  integral 
weight  varies  directly  as  the  density,''  is  really  one  of  nature's 
laws,  ])osterity  will  determine.  But  one  of  the  greatest  living 
■mineralogists,  speaking  ot  Hunt's  system,  expressed  to  me 
the  lirni  conviction  that  it  would  receive  wider  and  heartier 
Tecognition  in  the  future  than  had  been  accorded  to  it  in  the 
past.  As  a  .system  depending  on  intrinsic  rather  than  sujier- 
ficial  dittcrcnces,  it  commends  itself  slowly  to  the  working- 
student.  Moreover,  as  it  came  from  Hunt's  hands  it  was 
encumbered  by  a  somewhat  clumsy  and  repellant  nomencla- 
ture. But  Avhile  there  may  be  errors  in  fact  and  statement 
and  faults  of  style,  his  systematic  mineralogy  will  rank  high 
among  the  hermeneutic  books  of  science. 

The  earliest  and  latest  of  Hunt's  literary  productions  dealt 
with  chemistrv  and  mineralog}'^,  or  wdth  geology  from  a 
chemical  point  of  view.  But  after  leaving  the  Canadian  Geo 
logical  Survey,  he  came  to  doubt  the  correctness  of  the 
l)ositious  assigned  to  certain  groujjs  of  the  crystalline  rocks, 
iby  his  old  chief,  Sir  W.  Logan,  and  he  embodied  his  views  in 


20 


liis  addross  as  Vice- President  Vtofc^re  the  Ainoricun  Associa- 
tion in  1S71,  "  On  the  I'rogress  ot"  the  Appalachian  System.'' 
He  distiilinted  the  crystalline  rocks  overlvinir  whiit  he  con- 
sidered as  tiie  ancient  floor  of  <rranitie  j^neiss,  of  Fianrentian 
age,  into  <rroups  which  lie  named  the  Norian.  IInri»nian. 
Montalhan,  '^i'aconiiin  and  Keeweenian,  thns  conlining  to 
linnted  area  the  wider  range  assigned  by  Sir  W.Logan  to  the 
JInronian. 

Ilis  conclusions  were  based  on  geogenie  as  well  as  goo- 
gnostic  consi<lerati(>ns,  bnt  they  gave  great  ott'ense  to  his  old 
colleagues  in  the  Canadian  Geological  Survey,  iiud  leil  to  a 
regretal)lc  controversy  with  his  old  friend,  Prof.  Dana.  P>ut 
to  Hunt  truth  as  he  saw  it  was  truth,  and  to  compromise  with 
truth  was  a  crime.  And  to  him,  as  to  many  another  scientist, 
all  sense  of  proportion  was  lost  as  t<j  what  is  essential  and 
what  non-essential,  and  trifling  dirt'erences  in  oi)inion  about 
the  position  of  paheo/oie  strata  were  discussed  with  as  mu<li 
vehemence  as  though  life  and  death  dei)cnded  on  the  issue. 
lint  whether  his  stratigraphical  distribution  of  rocks  comes 
to  be  generally  accepted  or  not,  no  geologist  brought  to  bear 
on  the  study  of  the  older  rocks  a  wider  range  of  ob.servation, 
or  a  greater  wealth  of  chenncal  knowledge,  and  his  facts  ami 
reasonings  will  always  jirove  a  storehouse  of  information  to 
the  student,  even  if  his  conclusions  be  ultimately  c^ontradicted. 
He  took  little  interest  in  paheontology,  Jvnd  devoted  l)ut 
little  attention  to  the  newer  rocks,  one  reason  being,  that  his 
earlier  geological  studies  in  Canada  were  confined  to  the 
azoic  and  the  lowest  members  of  the  paheozoic series;  anotiier 
being,  that  the  crystalline  rocks  stimulated  his  speculatioii:- 
on  the  cheiaistry  of  the  primeval  earth  more  acutely  than  diil 
the  later  sedimentary  deposits. 

Another  geological  subject  upon  which  he  felt  and  ex- 
pressed himself  warmly  was  Sir  Robert  Murchison's  erasure 
of  the  word  Cambrian  from  his  Silurian  system,  whereby  he 
not  only,  as  Hunt  then  considered,  "  committed  a  stratigra[)h- 
ieal  and  paheological  error,  but  cast  a  slight  u])on  the  vener- 
able author  of  ihe  name,  Adam  Sedgwick."     He  became  the 


21 


Vritcm." 
he  coii- 
urontiiiii 
uniuiiin. 
ininji  to 
m  to  the 

as  geo- 
)  his  oM 
led  to  a 
i\a.     But 
iiise  with 
scientist, 
iitiivl   and 
on   about 
1  as  nivifh 
,he   issue, 
ks  conies 
t  to  bear 
servation, 
tacts  and 
Illation  to 
itradicted. 
voted    hut 
-r  that  his^ 
>d    to    tlie 
anotuer 
)eeulation:? 
V  than  dill 

t  and  ex- 
I's  erasure 
'hereby  he 
i-atigraph- 
the  vener- 
lecame  the 


ehuinpion  of  Setlgwick's  views  and  Sedgwick's  lights,  and 
espoused  his  cause  in  one  ot  his  h)ngest  nionogra[ihs,  "  His- 
tory of  the  Names  C'ainbnan  and  Sihiriau  in  det^h^gy," 
translated  in  full  by  Pewahjue  ot  Liege  in  187').  One  of  the 
last  letters  of  the  noble  (dd  geologist,  who  linked  the  last 
century  with  even  ttie  latter  thinl  of  the  itresent,  was  one  ol 
thanks  to  Hunt.  All  the  old  fervor  and  enthusiasm  of  his 
earlier  davs  when  he  first  traced  the  succession  of  these  oldest 
]>alfeozoic  strata  returns.     The  letter  is  worth  ([noting  : 

"Thinitv  College,  C.xmjjridoe, 

•' November  14,   1«72. 

"  My  Dear  Professor: — My  inlirmity  of  sight  comi)els  nie 
to  dictate  this  letter  to  one  whoso  writing  will  be  m(_)re  easy 
to  read  than  niv  own.  1  am,  however,  now  in  my  best  state 
of  health  and  mv  hand  is  unusuallv  steadv,  but  niv  eves 
forbid  the  use  of  it.  I  read  your  letter  which  reached  me 
this  morning  with  very  deej)  interest,  and  after  a  very  careful 
reperusal  sent  it  to  I)r.  Cookson,  whose  name  will  ajipear  in 
my  Preface  as  a  friend  lo  our  nuiseum,  and  to  all  matters  of 
Silieval  administration.  I  entreat  you  not  to  think  me  of 
such  a  pettish  character  as  to  take  offense  at  anything  you  may 
write  on  vour  own  jud'jnient  and  that  ot  vour  scientilic 
friends.  I  feel  urateful  to  vou  for  what  vou  have  done  in 
o[)ening  t^^uestions  connected  with  the  best  arrangement  ol 
the  great  paleozoic  group  both  of  America  and  of  England. 
I  recollect  askinu'  Prof.  Henrv  lioaers  whether  the  dilference 
l)etween  the  faunas  above  and  below  what  I  may  call  the 
great  Cambrian  break  of  continuity  was  as  C(jmplete  as  he 
expected,  after  his  visit  to  Wales.  He  replied,  it  I  mistake 
not,  that  it  was  quite  as  great  and  i)erhaps  greater.  And  is 
it  not  strange  that  tiie  break  in  your  great  paleozoic  segments 
takes  place  very  nearly  o\\  the  same  horizou  ?  This  1  make 
out  from  your  letter,  and  I  think  I  had  heard  the  same  stated 
l.)y  the  two  Prof.  Kogei's.  Give  my  kind  regards  to  Prof. 
William  Eogers  ;  the  other  professor  has  also  been  called 
away.     You  have,  I  believe,  the  grandest  })aleozoic  succes- 


«).> 


sion  ill  the  worM,  V)ut  is  not  ours  also  :i  Uuiiutiliil  siiccossioii, 
oxliiUitoil  oil  sucli  ;v  sciilo  that  you  iiiiiy  cross  nearly  the  whole 
ot  it  in  a  stout  walk  of  a  eou|>le  of  days?  Kii^laiid  may 
be  calleil  a  ge»)lo<.nca!  microcosin  in  which  nearly  all  the 
formations  of  the  world  are  nicely  packed  as  if  on  purpose 
for  human  study.  With  all  my  heart  I  wish  you  success  and 
honor  at  vour  institute  of  technolouv,  but  also  what  terrible 
news  has  reached  us  of  your  great  tire,  a  calamity  which  is 
even  now  acting  upon  the  feelings  and  interest  of  the  public 
bo<lies  of  England.  Ic  will,  I  fear,  have  interrupted  your 
course  of  lectures,  but  have  your  scientitie  buildings  escaped 
its  ravages?  I  trust  you  will  inform  ine  on  this  jxtint,  as  1 
cannot  but  feel  some  anxiety  about  yi)iir  i)crson  and  your 
scientific  prosjtects  in  your  institute.  Dr.  Cookson,  a  man  of 
cautious  and  gentle  tem})er,  advised  me  to  modity  some  of 
the  statements  in  my  Preface  to  the  new  catalogue,  and  I 
have  complied  with  his  wishes,  and  my  new  version  of  the 
Preface  is  actually  now  in  the  })ress,  so  tliat  I  hope  the  cata- 
logue will  be  out  in  the  course  of  the  next  week  or  ten  days. 
A  great  (ierman  historian  had  a  motto  which  greatly  took 
my  fancy,  '  With  truth  and  love,'  or  jterhaps  it  would  sound 
better  in  English,  '  With  truth  and  gentleness,'  Shake- 
speare's maxim  is  through  the  mouth  of  Hotspur,  '  Tell  truth 
and  shame  the  Devil.'  The  weather  now  is  pestiferous, 
windy,  wet  and  cold,  but  I  rather  think  that  the  great  •  storin 
wave  '  of  November  has  not  yet  reached  this  part  o(  Europe. 
Strange  to  tell,  I  am  unusually  well  at  this  time,  (ienerally 
speaking,  I  sink  in  spirits  and  undergo  a  kind  of  collapse 
during  wet  weather.  I  have  your  photograi)h  in  my  book, 
and  if  you  would  like  to  possess  it,  I  would  send  you  mine, 
but  I  have  no  copy  of  a  reasonable  size  at  this  moment, 

"  I  think  I  may  fight  my  way  through  this  winter,  but  I 
shall  have  a  hard  battle  to  fight  next  spring  if  I  live  so  long. 
Tlie  event  is  in  my  Maker's  hands. 

"  I  remain,  my  dear  professor, 
in  truth  and  good  will, 

faithfully  and  gratefully  yours, 

"Adam  Sedgwick." 


11 


I 

! 


•jrj 


session, 
I  whole 
1(1    iiuw 
:ill  the 
mi'itosc 
ess  :iutl 
torrihle 
.•liicli  is 
•  j»iil)lic 
ed  your 
escaped 

lit,  iVS     1 

ivl   your 

lUilll    of 

soino  <>t 
c,  uiiil  I 
u  (»t  the 
the  catii- 
jcu  (lays, 
xtly  to(jk 

I  sound 
Shake- 

II  truth 
tit'evoiis, 

•  storm 
Europe, 
enerally 
collapse 
uy  book, 
)u  mine, 
eut. 

er,  but  I 
e  so  loner. 


nut  death  won  the  tiL'bt,  for  Atlaiii  Sed^'wiek  died  in  .Janu- 
ary following,  eiLditv-eight  years  old. 

Though  the  variety  ami  v<ihirne  of  his  literary  productions 
deiKjte  his  untiring  industry,  they  by  no  means  express  the 
full  measure  oi'  his  activity.  For  many  years,  as  already 
stated,  after  his  connection  witii  the  Canadian  (ieological  Sur- 
vey, he  spent  several  montiis  of  every  year  in  the  lieM,  often 
with  his  chi"f,  Sir  W.  Logan.  Sir  Wilham  had  attained 
prominence  as  a  stratigraj  hical  geologist,  bnt  was  not 
learned  in  chemistry  and  mineralogy.  Hunt's  familiarity 
witli  these  sciences,  therefore,  supplemented  Sir  William's 
deficiency,  and  as  li^ng  as  Sir  AVilliam  remained  at  the  head 
of  the  Survey,  Hunt  was  ratlier  his  collaborator  than  hi-- 
subordinate,  and  when  Sir  William  from  old  age  resigned, 
Hunt  was  made  co-director  with  Sir  William's  successor,  Dr. 
Selwyn. 

That  he  was  not  appointed  head  was  due  to  Sir  William's 
knowledge  of  his  lack  of  tact  and  of  his  irritability  un<ler 
business  worries.  His  fitness  to  direct  the  technical  opera- 
tions <jf  the  Survey  was  beyond  question,  inasmuch  as  for 
twenty  years  he  had  been  an  active  worker,  and  for  part  ol 
the  time  the  most  influential  member  of  the  staff;  l)ut  no  one 
knew  better  than  Sir  William  how  intolerant  of  contradiction 
he  was,  and  how  impolitic  were  his  comments  on  political 
leaders  upon  whose  good  will  the  votes  for  the  su|)port  of 
thfe  Survey  depended.  His  decision,  therefore,  not  to  recom- 
mend Hunt  as  business  director  was  an  act  of  kindness  to  his 
old  colleague. 

Dnrinu-  his  connection  with  the  Survev  as  chemist  and 
mineralogist  he  had  to  investigate  officially  many  technical 
subjects.  The  results  are  embodied  in  the  regular  annual 
reports  in  the  general  summary  uj)  to  that  date,  published  in 
1863,  and  in  special  reports.  The  most  important  of  the 
latter  class  was  "  On  the  Gold  Klines  of  Canada,  and  the 
Manner  of  Working  Them  in  18(53,"  "On  Petroleum  in 
Gaspe  in  1865,"  "  On  the  Gold  Regions  of  Lower  Canada  in 
1866,"  and  of  Hastings,  Ont.,  in  1867,  and  of  Nova  Scotia  in 


WICK. 


24 


1868,  and  '•  On  the  Godorieh  Salt  Region  and  Iron  Ores  in 
1870."  But  apart  fn^in  such  work  growing  out  of  his  official 
duties,  he  was  c(jnsulted  frer^uently  on  points,  generally  very 
trivdal,  but  sometimes  the  reverse,  rci[uiring  technical  knowl- 
edge and  l)etimes  protracted  and  tedious  experiments.  As 
the  result  of  the  inquiries  of  Mr.  Workman,  of  the  City  Bank 
of  Montreal,  for  an  ink  to  be  used  in  banknote  printing  which 
would  be  proof  against  photograjihic  reproduction.  Hunt 
invented  the  greenback.  lie  suggested  the  use  of  sesquioxide 
of  chromium  and  made  the  ex[)erimcnts  necessary  to  prove 
its  resistance  to  all  ordinary  chemical  reagents ;  but  ]\[r. 
George  Mathews,  in  whose  name  the  yiatent  w^as  taken,  and 
his  partner,  !Mr.  Burland,  used  their  practical  knowledge,  as 
l)anknote  i)rinters,  in  making  a  suitable  ink  with  this  color- 
ing substance.  Hunt  read  a  paper  on  the  subject  l)efore  tht 
A.  A.  at  their  Montreal  meeting  in  August,  1857.  He 
received  a  small  sum  for  the  use  ot  his  invention  in  the 
T'^nited  States,  and  continued  for  years  to  draw  royalty  from 
Burland  ^Iv;  Co.,  in  Canada.  The  United  States  patent  was 
bought  by  Mr.  Tracy  R.  Edson,  as  member  of  the  lirm  of 
Rawden,  Wright,  Hutch  and  Edson,  by  whom  it  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  American  Bankm^te  Company.  The  United 
States  patent  became  very  valuable  on  the  breaking  out  of 
the  war,  due  to  the  issue  of  the  immense  volume  of  green- 
backs. Hunt,  however,  derived  but  little  Ijenetit  from  his 
invention,  and  even  his  name  is  now  forgotten  in  connection 
with  the  subject. 

Writing  to  a  friend  August  4,  1837  :  "I  have  perhaps 
told  yo..  that  I  have  made  a  fortunate  discovery  of  a  process 
for  printing  banknotes  which  is  likely  to  yield  me  a  good 
deal  of  money.  It  is  a  green  ink  which  cannot  be  effaced 
nor  copied  by  })hotogra])hy.  I  got  a  small  sum  for  it  m  the 
United  States,  but  a  permanent  right  and  interest  in  the 
patent  in  Canada.  The  invention  is  not,  however,  in  my 
name,  but  as  '  Mathews  Banknote  Trust.'  " 

But  in  the  following  year  he  has  to  tell  the  same  friend  the 
usual     inventors    story    of    disai>pointment :      "  You     ask 


Ires  in 
official 
y  very 
kuowl- 
s.  As 
J  Bank 

whicli 

Hunt 
iiioxide 
I  prove 
ut  Mr. 
en,  ami 
idu'c,  as 
s  color- 
fore  the 
7.      He 

ill  lUe 
Ity  from 
3nt  was 

linn  ol' 
s  trans- 

Unitctl 

out  ot 

greeu- 

[roiii  liis 

Innectiou 

lierhapg 
process 
a  good 
effaced 
it  in  the 
in   the 
in   my 

I'lend  tlie 
I  ou     ask 


25 


about  my,  or  rather  Mathews'  green  tint.  It  is  largely  used 
in  the  United  States,  but  I  sold  it  there  for  a  trifle,  and  here 
our  large  banks  move  slowly,  but  have  all  adopted  it,  so  in  a 
year  they  will  liave  it  in  use.  and  pay  me  something.  T  hope 
to  sell  it  in  p]ngland,  l)ut  nothing  definite  has  as  vet  come 
about,  and  have  offered  it  to  the  Russian  government  through 
a  friend.  As  yet  it  has  been  rather  more  trouble  than  profit." 
The  following  letters  are  historically  interesting  as  the 
Canada  hanhnoie  printing  tint  was  the  parent  of  the  yreenlack: 

"City  Bank,  ^[oxtre.al, 

•       .  "March  •_>,  1857. 

"T.  Sterry  Hunt,  Esq., 

''■  Chemist  to  the  Geological  Survey  : 
"  Sir: — The  attention  of  tlie  Board  of  this  institution 
having  been  directed  to  the  necessity  of  some  further  protec- 
tion against  the  jiossibility  of  counterfeiting,  altering  or  \A\o- 
tographing  banknotes,  I  beg  most  respectfully  to  ask  your 
opinion  as  to  the  various  tints,  colors,  and  chemical  agents 
which  have  been  and  are  now  employed,  as  a  means  of  pro- 
tection agf^inst  these  frauds. 

"  As  your  deep  research  in  all  that  pertains  to  chemistry 
and  your  high  reputation  as  a  chemist  will  give  to  your 
o])inions  on  this  important  subject  a  character  for  reliability, 
which  cannot  fail  to  be  valuable  on  public  grounds,  may  I 
beg  the  favor  of  your  consideration  of  this  matter  at  your 
early  convenience  ? 

"  Yours  very  respectfully, 

"William  Workman,   President.^' 

"Montreal,  July  1.  1857. 
"William  Workman,  Esq., 

"  President  of  the  City  Bank. 
"  Sir: — I  have,  agreeably  to  your  request  in  your  letter  of 
the  2d  March,  made  a  series  of  ini[uiries,  relative  to  the  coun- 
terfeiting and  alteration  of  l)anknotes,  particularly  with  refer- 
ence to  the  dangers  to  be  a])iirehended  from  photogiTi])hy,  and 
I  have  now  the  honor  to  state  the  results  of  my  investigation. 


2() 


' '  The  various  modes  heretofore  adopted,  to  render  impracti- 
caljle  the  copying  ot  notes  by  photography,  are  based  upon 
the  use,  in  conjunction  with  bkck,  of  various  colored  inks, 
and  consist  in  printing,  with  one  of  tliose  colors,  a  design  on 
the  back  of  the  note,  or  letters  or  figures  on  its  face,  or 
tinally  in  covering  with  colored  lines  tiie  face  of  the  note. 

"  These  plans  are  all  ineffectual  from  the  fact  that  the 
colored  inks  may  be  effaced  by  chemical  agents.  I  have 
convinced  myself  by  exueriment  that  all  the  red  and  vellow 
tints,  hitherto  proposed,  may  be  destroyed  without  injury  to 
the  paper,  or  to  the  ordinary  black  printing  inic,  which, 
having  a  basis  of  carbon,  is  insoluble  and  indestructible. 
The  blue  tints  v^-bifdi  have  lieen  employed  are  equally  fugi- 
tive, and  besides,  .is  this  color  reflects  the  chemical  rays  of 
light,  it  is  valueless  as  a  protection  against  photographic 
copying. 

"  Another  method  has  recently  been  introduced  which 
consists  in  covering  the  paper  with  a  ground  of  red  or  yellow 
color,  and  then  upon  the  surface  thus  prepared  printing  the 
note  with  a  peculiar  black  ink  of  a  nature  so  fugitive  that  it 
is  effaced  by  any  attempt  to  remove  by  chemical  agents  the 
colored  ground.  Fugitive  black  inks  employed  this  way 
offer  a  complete  protection  against  photographic  copying,  but 
they  at  the  same  time  present  great  facilities  for  alteration 
and  render  its  detection  difficult ;  their  use  should  therefore 
be  rejected. 

"  The  only  effectual  method  free  from  objection  is,  in  my 
opinion,  to  be  found  in  the  use  of  a  color  which  shall  absorb 
the  chemical  rays  of  light,  and  be  like  the  black  carbon  ink, 
indestructible  and  indifferent  to  all  chemical  agents.  A  note 
printed  with  the  ordinary  black  ink,  and  having  its  surfii.ce 
previously  tinted  with  lines  of  an  ink  prepared  with  such  a 
color,  will  be  protected  against  the  iiossibilitv  of  copying  by 
photogra])hy,  by  anastatic  printing,  lithographic  transfer  or 
kindred  processes,  while  it  cannot  be  altered  by  any  chemical 
means.  Such  a  color  has  hitherto  been  wanting,  but  is,  in 
my  opinion,  now  sup|)lied  by  the  green  ink  recently  patented 


27 


apracti- 
id  upon 
d  inks, 
jsigu  ou 
face,  or 
lote. 
hat  tlie 

I  have 
yellow 

iijtirv  to 
which. 
ructiV)le. 
illy  fugi- 
[  rays  of 
ographic 

d  which 
jv  yellow 
iting  the 
io  that  it 

euts  the 
this  way 
yiug,  but 

Iteration 
therefore 

is,  in  my 

II  absorb 
irbon  ink, 

A  note 
its  surface 
th  such  a 
opying  by 
ransfer  or 
chemical 
iMit  is,  in 
y  patented 


by  Mr.  George  ^[athews,  engraver  of  this  city,  called  the 
Canada  Banknote  Printing  Tint.  The  green  pigment  which 
forms  the  basis  of  this  ink  resists  all  acids,  alkalies  and 
other  agents,  which  can  be  applied  to  the  paper.  It  is  the 
most  permanent  of  colors,  and  as  indestructible  as  the  carbon 
of  the  ordinary  black  printing  ink.  I  have  the  honor  to 
be,  sir,  Your  most  obedient  servant, 

"Thomas  Sterry  Hunt." 

Subsequently  Hunt  took  out  a  patent  for  an  ink  made  from 
stannic  acid  Avith  small  proportions  of  oxide  of  chromium, 
forming  what  he  called  Mineral  Lake,  but  neither  this  nor 
any  of  his  patents  yielded  him  much  revenue.  While 
scrupulously  honest  in  all  ))ecuniary  transactions,  he  did  not 
possess  the  money-making  instinct. 

To  the  metallurgy  of  copj^er  he  was  introduced  by  his 
friend,  J.  D.  Whelpley,  well  known  as  one  of  the  brilliant 
men  on  the  staft'  of  the  tirst  Pennsylvania  Survey.  ]\Ir. 
"\Vheli)ley,  in  company  with  Col.  Storer,  had  devised  a  wet 
method  for  treating  copper  ores,  which  was  to  })e  carried  out 
Ijy  the  employment  of  a  luimber  of  novel  mechanical 
devices.  Hunt  worked  out  the  chemical  reactions,  and 
reduced  them  to  formuUo.  The  method  never  came  into 
practical  use.  It  was  while  endeavoring  to  api)ly  it  that 
Hunt  and  I  patented  in  l^(il»  the  use  of  chloride  of  iron  in 
connection  with  common  salt  as  a  solvent  of  cupric  and 
■cuprous  oxide,  and  subsequently  in  1871  our  investigations 
and  the  inadei^uacy  of  our  jn'cvious  method  to  the  treatment 
of  silver-bearing  ores,  led  us  to  patent  a  method  in  which  the 
copper  is  separated  from  its  chloridized  solution  as  insoluble 
ijubchhn'ide,  through  the  action  of  sulphurous  acid.  On  the 
elucidation  of  such  technical  subjects,  he  brought  to  bear  his 
intimate  knowledge  of  chemical  reactions  and  his  habits  of 
careful  research,  and  therefore  his  i)apers  on  such  subjects 
have  scientific  value  apart  from  their  technical  bearings. 

The  rules  of  the  Geological  Survey  laid  down  by  Sir 
William  Logan  strictly  forbade  any  empiloy(:?e  to  engage  in 
mining  operations  in  Canada  or  to  report  on  mining  proper- 


28 


ties,  and  tiie  rule  was  obeyed  with  coiamendahle  tidelity. 
But  when  Hunt  left  the  employ  of  the  government  of  Can- 
ada, he  devoted  not  a  little  time  to  ex]>i'rt  work.  He  made  a 
report  on  the  Ore  Knob  copjier  mines  and  other  mining 
properties,  but  the  enterprise  to  which  he  devoted  himself 
with  all  the  energy  and  enthusia.-.mi  of  his  restless  nature  was 
the  deve^ojyment  of  the  coal  and  iron  rescarces  of  southern 
Ohio,  and  particularly  of  the  Hocking  Valley.  He  published 
in  1ST4  a  volume  of  seventv-eiirht  pages.  "  On  the  H^x-kinir 
Valley  Coal  Fields  and  Its  Iron  Ores,  with  Notices  of  Furnace 
Coals  and  Iron  Smelting,  followed  by  a  Survey  of  the  Coal 
Trade  of  the  West.''  Again  in  1881  lie  published  a  still 
more  com])rehensive  volume  of  152  pages,  "  On  the  Mineral 
Resources  of  the  Hocking  Valley,''  in  which,  besides  tracing 
the  identity  of  the  coal  beds  of  the  district,  he  collected  all 
the  information  and  analysis  hitherto  published  bearing  «>n 
the  iron  ore  of  the  district,  which  previous  to  his  former 
report  hail  been  regarded  as  of  little  value.  He  supple- 
mented his  treatise  with  a  section  on  the  latest  improvements 
in  the  metallurgy  of  iron,  giving  one  of  the  first  descriptions 
of  the  Thomas-Gilchrist  method,  and  with  a  clear  but  concise 
summary  of  the  railroad  communications  of  his  favorite 
retiion  with  the  coal-i>roducinir  and  consuminsr  centres  of  the 
North  and  AVest.  Without  doubt  his  exertions  V»etween 
187-4  and  1881,  and  his  insistence  on  the  suitability  of  the 
tlrv  non-coking,  Hocking  coal  for  use  in  blast  furnaces, 
materially  contributed  to  the  increase  in  tiie  coal  and  iron 
production  of  southern  Ohio : — for  the  coal  production  in 
1874  of  somewhat  over  l,(ir)(>,(»00  tons  rose  in  1880  to 
1,750,000  tons,  and  the  production  of  iron  in  the  H<x;king 
Valley -increased  from  nil  in  1874  to  90,000  tons  in  1880. 
The  ultimate  results  have,  however,  not  realized  Hunt's  very 
sanguine,  too  sanguine,  hopes,  expressed  in  the  concluding 
jiaragraphs  of  both  reports. 

"  The  bituminous  coal  of  southeastern  Ohio  may,  in  its 
geographical,  commercial  and  industrial  relations,  be  com- 
pared to  the  anthracite  of  Pennsylvania.    The  latter,  occupv- 


I'J 


20 


tidelity. 
of  Can- 

made  a 

mining 

himself 
tare  was 
southern 
iuV>lisheJ 
II.  Hiking 

Furnace 
the  Coal 
d  a  still 
;  Mineral 
s  tracing 
lected  all 
3aring  on 
is  former 
e  supple- 
'ovementd 
scriptions 
ut  c«jncise 
thvorite 
res  <jf  the 
between 

ity  of  the 

furnaces, 
and  iron 

notion  in 
ISSO  to 
Hocking 
in    18SM. 

Lint's  very 

:oncluding 

lay,  in  its 
be  com- 
r.  occu|>y- 


ing  an  area  of  470  square  miles,  placed  on  the  eastern  Itorder 
of  the  broad  Appalachian  basin,  has  betore  it  to  the  north 
and  east  the  rich  and  po})ul(»us  but  coalless  States  of  New 
York  and  Xew  Jersey,  with  those  of  New  England,  which 
look  to  it  for  their  chief  snpply  of  fuel.  Moreover,  in  Xew 
York,  in  Xew  Jersey  and  in  eastern  Pennsylvania  are  im- 
mense deposits  of  rich  iron  ores  which  Ihid  in  the  anthracite 
the  fuels  necessary  for  their  reduction  and  manufacture. 

"  If  now  we  turn  to  the  West,  we  lind  on  the  opposite 
border  of  the  Appalachian  basin  the  coal  region  of  eastern 
Ohio,  and  particularly  the  Hocking  Valley  coal  field,  with 
its  2'A*  square  miles  of  superior  and  easily  mined  coal,  sus- 
taining similar  relations  to  the  rich  and  populous  States  to  the 
north  and  west  which  must  in  time  to  come  look  to  it  for  the 
supply  of  a  great  portion  of  their  fuel.  In  addition  to  this, 
we  have  as  a  further  resemblance,  the  vast  amount  «>f  iron 
ores,  not  only  those  of  southern  Ohio  itself,  but  those  of 
I^ke  Superior,  which,  with  the  rajudly  increasing  export 
trade  in  coal  from  this  region,  will  tind  their  way  thither  in 
larger  quantities  to  be  smelted  and  manufactured.  In  view 
of  all  these  facts,  we  may  with  confidence  expect  to  see  this 
coal  field  and  its  vicinity  the  seat  of  a  metallurgical  industry 
comoarable  to  that  of  the  Lehigh  Vallev  and  of  Pittsbursrh." 

The  qualities  of  mind  which  conduce  to  make  a  man  emi- 
nent in  science  are  not  those,  it  would  seem,  which  constitute 
the  mental  equipment  of  a  successful  mercliant.  for  the  two 
characters  are  rareh'  united  in  the  same  ])erson.  But  factors, 
whose  intluence  Hunt  could  not  foresee  in  1S74  or  1880,  have 
corne  into  ]»lay  to  frustrate  not  only  his  calculations,  but  the 
jdans  of  much  astuter  minds  than  his  It  is  true  that  in  1870 
Michigan  was  producing  7<)<  •,<•()()  tons  of  ore,  but  no  one 
dreamt  that  the  production  of  the  Lake  Superior  mines  could, 
within  twenty-five  years,  reach  1(»,(I(M>,0(M»  tonsa  year,  or  that 
between  then  and  now  those  uususpecteil  deposits  would,  by 
throwing  into  the  market  l(>i>,000,OoO  tons,  help  to  gradually 
reduce  the  cost  of  iron-making  m  this  country  to  below  the 
lowest  European  standanl.     Xor  would  the  wildest  enthusiast 


30 


in  1874,  when  Binninuhani,  Ala.,  bad  only  just  Ijeeu  l»orii 
and  named  a  town,  have  ventured  to  ]irediet  that  l^el'ore  the 
•close  ol'  the  century,  jng  iron  would  there  be  sold  more 
cheaply  than  even  in  the  Middlesboro  district  of  England. 
Against  such  forces  many  of  the  old-established  districts  have 
had  to  recede,  and  therefore  a  new  region,  even  with  the 
•advantages  which  Hunt  believed  to  reside  in  the  coal  and 
iron  of  Hocking  V'alley,  hud  little  chance  of  forcing  itself 
into  the  prominent  position  Hunt  fondly  assigned  to  it.  His 
jn-ofessioiial  work  in  coal  Avas  also  extended  into  Kentucky. 

In  another  sphere  of  extra-collegiate  work.  Hunt  attained 
considerable  renown — as  an  expert  in  court.  He  was  occa- 
sionally employed  to  give  evidence  in  cases  in  the  East, 
involving  chemical  or  metallurgical  questions,  but  the  trial 
which  brought  out  his  forensic  capacity  into  greatest  promi- 
nence was  the  famous  Eureka  vs.  Richmond  case.  By  stipu- 
lation of  both  parties  the  case  was  tried  in  San  Francisco 
before  Justice  Field. 

In  no  one  of  the  innumerable  trials  which  are  unavoidably 
growing  out  of  the  ambiguities  and  absurdities  of  the  mining 
law  of  1872,  and  for  which  its  irrational  provisions  give  an 
excuse,  was  exhibited  a  more  brilliant  display  of  legal  and 
expert  testimony.  The  case  was  one  involving  the  meaning 
■of  the  term  lode,  under  the  law,  where  no  lode  under  the  old  ac- 
ceptation of  the  term  really  existed,  and  Avliere  therefore  exi^ert 
testimony  was  really  essential  to  an  elucidation  of  the  points 
at  issue.  These  involved  questions  in  stratigraphical  geology 
iis  Avell  as  in  the  genesis  and  alteration  of  ores.  Hunt's 
calm  and  clear  statement  of  the  geological  facts  of  the  case, 
and  his  lucid  exi)lanation  of  the  dvnamic  forces  bv  which 
certain  rock  strata  were  shattered  and  became  the  channels 
for  the  inliltration  of  mineral  solutions,  thus  constituting 
these  strata  a  lode:  and  further  of  the  subsequent  changes  bv 
which  the  original  sulphides  were  altered  into  the  oxidized 
minerals,  then  constituting  the  wealth  of  the  territory  and 
ore  bodies  in  disinite,  was  so  free  from  bias  as  almost  to 
€sca]ie  interruption  fi'om  the  opposing  counsel,  and  so  won- 


:U 


sen  born 
letbre  the 
jlJ  more 
Euiilaud. 
ticts  have 
with   the 

coal  and 
ing  itself 
J  it.  His 
ntucky. 
:  attained 
IV as  occa- 
the  East, 

the  trial 
ist  pronii- 

By  stipu- 

Francisco 

[avoidably 
he  mining 
s  give   an 
legal  and 
e  meaning 
the  oldac- 
ore  expert 
the  points 
al  geology 
Hunt's 
the  case, 
by  which 
channels 
onstituting 
changes  by 
le  oxidized 
ritory    and 
almost  to 
id  so  won- 


derfully cxi)licit  and  convincingly  reasonable  that  neither 
bcucli  noi-  bar  failed  to  iiinlerstand  his  explanation  ot  such 
diilicidt  and  obscure  technical  sul)jects.  His  marvelous 
faculty  of  extemporaneous  discussion  of  a  scientilic  topic  was 
never  more  strikingly  disjdayed  than  in  the  long  lecture 
which  he  gave  as  a  witness  in  this  case,  and  which  was 
listened  to  with  such  admiration  that  it  has  remained  a  tradi- 
tion in  the  San  Francisco  courts. 

He  threw  into  this  as  into  all  his  work  such  earnestness 
that  no  doubt  of  his  sincerity  could  for  a  moment  be  enter- 
tained, and  the  knowledge  of  the  subject  on  which  he  was 
giving  testimony  was  so  varied  and  profound,  and  his  self- 
])ossession  so  supreme,  that  it  was  imj)ossible  in  cross-exam- 
ination to  entangle  him  in  his  thoughts  or  his  speech. 

His  fame  brought  him  other  work  of  the  same  description 
in  the  West,  but  he  was  then  growing  old  and  suft'ering  from 
bodilv  ailments,  which  made  such  fatigue  as  was  involved  in 
faithful  mining;  work,  on  the  surface  and  below  trround, 
arduous. 

Another  piece  of  expert  work  w^orthy  of  note  was  his 
report  to  the  Corj)orators  of  the  Hoosac  Tunnel  in  October, 
187-1:  (Massachusetts,  House  Document  No.  9,  January,  1875). 
Trouble  from  caving  had  occurred  in  the  tunnel,  and  he  and 
other  geologists  Avere  emjiloyed  to  report  on  the  cause.  They 
found  deep-seated  rock  decay  at  that  portion  of  the  western 
base  of  the  range  pierced  by  the  tunnel,  though  glacial  action 
had  stripped  the  range  elsewhere  of  its  softened  shell.  This 
examination  fell  in  aptly  with  the  stud}"  he  had  been  making 
of  the  decomposition  of  the  rocks  of  the  Appalachian  chain 
in  the  Southern  States,  and  gave  him  additional  facts  with 
which  t(»  support  his  argument. 

Hunt  was  also  one  of  a  committee  of  which  Hon.  C.  Fran- 
cis Adams  was  chairman,  which  drafted  a  scheme  for  a  scien- 
tific weoloiiical  survey  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts  (House 
Document  206,  April,  1874). 

The  only  important  field  work  Hunt  did  after  leaving  the 
Canadian  Survey  was  in  southeastern  Pennsylvania  l)etweeu 


32 


187'")  and  187S.  He  wrote  for  the  Second  Goologicul  Survey 
of  Peunsvlvaniii  a  sjiecial  report  on  the  "  Trap  Dvkes  and 
Azoic  Kocks  of  Southeastern  Pennsylvania."  lie  completed 
only  the  lirst  part,  a  V(jlume  of  "253  pages,  consisting  in  the 
main  of  the  historical  introduction.  The  director,  Dr.  J.  P. 
Lesley,  in  his  letter  to  the  commissioners  of  the  Survey,  after 
explaining  the  work  done  hy  three  of  the  geologists  of  the 
regular  corps,  adds  :  "In  su|>port  of  the  assiduous  studies  (^t 
those  gentlemen  of  the  azoic  rocks  in  their  respective  dis- 
tricts, and  to  further  the  success  u|)on  which  they  can.  already 
congratulate  themselves,  it  was  unquestionably  desirable  to 
compare  their  observations  and  conclusions  with  those  made 
and  reached  by  geologists  outside  of  the  State,  in  the  azoic 
regions  of  New  Jersey,  New  York,  New  England,  and  espe- 
cially Canada.  No  better  plan  could  have  been  adopted  to 
reach  this  end  than  to  invite  so  distinguished  a  student  of 
azoic  ecology  as  Dr.  Hunt  to  visit  those  districts  of  our  sur- 
vey  which  seemed  to  correspond  with  those  in  the  North, 
among  which  he  has  spent  the  best  part  of  his  laborious  and 
successful  life,  and  no  book  could  be  more  useful  than  one  in 
which  he  should  collate  all  the  known,  supposed  and  sus- 
pected facts  of  American  azoic  geology,  with  all  the  accoj)ted 
conclusions,  and  proposed  hypotheses,  published  on  thr 
subject  by  the  most  eminent  geologists  of  the  last  half  cen- 
tury in  Europe  and  America. 

"  We  owe,  therefore,  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  Dr.  Hunt  i'or 
this  historical  monograph  which  will  supply  a  deei>ly  felt 
deficiency  in  the  literature  of  our  science.  It  is  a  treasury 
of  notes  and  suggestions,  of  the  greatest  value  to  the  geolo- 
gists of  Pennsylvania  and  of  other  States,  working  in  such 
districts  as  are  occupied  at  the  surface  or  are  underlaid  at 
moderate  depths  by  the  Cambrian  ai\d  sub-Camlu'ian  forma- 
tions, although  no  final  demonstration  has  been  accomplished 
l)y  the  author  of  these  problems  of  superposition,  unconfor- 
mability  and  identification  at  wdiich  so  many  geologists  are 
still  half  despairingly  at  work.  But  his  opinion  of  the 
probable  final  solutions  of  these  problems  will  reinforce  their 


33 


J  Survey 
ykcs  and     . 
lonipleted 
ag  in  the 
Dr.  J.  P. 
•vey,  after 
3ts  of  the 
studies  of 
ictive  dis- 
m.  already 
ssiral)le  to 
luDSC  made 
the  azoic 
aud  es])e- 
idopted  to 
studeut  ot 
of  our  sur- 
,he  North, 
xjrious  and 
h:ni  one  in 
1  and  sus- 
c  accepted 
d    on    thr 
half  cen- 

|r.  Hunt  for 
Iceply  felt 
a   treasury 
the  geolo- 
|ig  in  such 
liderlaid   at 
■ian  forma- 
iomplished 
,  unconfor- 
ilogists  are 
on  of    the 
iforce  their 


own,  when  they  agroc,  an  I  load  to  discussions  when  they 
disagree."'  Prof.  Lesley  exhibits  nice  delicacy  in  thus  ex- 
])ressing  his  dissent  from  some  of  Hunt's  conclusions. 

As  a  lecturer  he  attained  well- deserved  fame.  lie  never 
iinlalged  in  l^nrsts  of  eloi[uence,  and  in  speakinu',  as  well  as 
in  writing,  he  eschewed  line  language,  but  his  conceptii>ns 
were  always  clear,  his  thoughts  well  arranged,  and  his  mem- 
ory stored  ■with  an  iuexhaustil)le  magazine  of  facts  and  illus- 
trations. An  ample  vocabulary  of  words,  though  not  a 
redundant  tjue,  was  always  at  his  command. 

In  private  it  was  a  great  pleasure  to  listen  to  his  conversii- 
tiun,  or  rather  his  monologue,  for  like  all  good  talkers  he 
monoi)olized  the  subject,  ami  one  of  the  charms  of  his  public 
utterances  was  that  he  delivered  them  with  all  the  ease  of  a 
personal  address.  His  altitudes  were  never  awkward,  and 
he  never  indulged  in  violent  gestures,  but  his  voice  was 
musical  and  tlexible  and  his  manner  earnest. 

His  first  professorship  was  at  the  Laval  l^niversity  of 
Quebec,  of  wdiich  he  was  one  of  the  original  staff,  from  its 
organization  in  lyolk  He  continued  to  give  a  course  in 
chenustry  every  spring,  between  that  date  and  1S(J2,  sjieak- 
ing  French,  in  which  language  he  could  exi)res3  himself  not 
only  fluently,  but  with  elotpience  and  accuracy.  He  also 
lectured  for  several  years  at  ^[cGill  University,  Montreal, 
l^nt  it  was  not  till  he  severed  his  connection  with  the  Cana- 
dian Survey  that  professorial  work  was  not  onlv  his  chief 
occupation  l)ut  his  source  of  salary.  He  left  Canaila  to  fill 
the  Chair  of  Geology  in  the  Massachusetts  Listitute  of 
Technology,  which  post  lie  occupied  from  1N72  to  ISTS.  But 
teaching  was  not  congenial,  perhaps  because  he  had  not  those 
genial  qualities  wdiich  attract  and  endear  students  to  some 
professors.  It  was  also  disagreeable  to  him  to  discuss  details 
and  devote  time  to  geol(-»gical  periods  which  w'ere  outside  the 
range  of  his  chosen  studies.  Lecturing  upon  his  favorite 
themes,  or  when  he  could  choose  the  subject,  was  stimulating 
an  I  very  grateful,  but  the  routine  work  of  the  college  class 
was  distinctlv  and  avowedly  distasteful.     It  was   fortunate, 


34 


tliereforo,  tluit  in  186(3,  despite  tlie  liigii  recomineii(liitioii& 
from  Lyell,  Afurcliirfon,  the  Kogers,  Diiiiu,  Silliinun  ami  other* 
with  whicii  lie  bucked  his  ai)|)liciitioii,  that  he  was  rejected 
iu  favor  of  Newberry  for  the  Chair  of  Geology  in  Columbia 
College.  And  a  sense  to  a  certain  extent  of  his  ii...".lness, 
owing  to  his  aversion  to  mere  collegiate  teaching  ami 
academic  administration,  induced  him  to  refuse  a  better  posi- 
tion than  the  one  he  oceu])ied  at  the  Institute  of  Technology. 
Though  he  never  wrote  in  full  a  lecture  or  even  a  scientific 
paper  betVn'c  its  delivery,  he  never  appeared  l)cf(»re  an  audi- 
(Uice,  even  the  most  uncritical  and  uneducated,  without  care- 
ful prei)aration  anil  until  In;  had  written  out  amjde  notes.  He 
rarely  looked  at  these  notes,  but  nevertheless  he  followed 
them  sulficiently  closely  to  avoid  wandering  fn»m  the  train 
of  argument  he  had  mai)peil  out,  and  so  enlarging  on  anv 
section  of  the  subject  that  his  lecture  lackeil  an  appropri- 
ate peroration,  when  the  allotted  time  had  expired.  His 
lecture  notes  are  valuable,  not  only  on  account  of  their  con- 
tents, but  as  models.  A  correct  list  of  his  .single  unpublished 
lectures  and  courses  out  of  college  it  would  be  dilRcult  to 
make,  but  tiie  appended  list  is  approximately  comi>lete.  The 
following  notes  of  a  lecture  "  On  the  Chemistry  of  the  Sea  " 
afford  a  good  sample  of  his  method  of  preparation  : 

"  Chemistry  of  the  Sea. — Aphnxlite  life  and  beauty  and  fer- 
tility true  and  more  than  true.  A  vast  liistorv.  Some  pages 
from  it.  Decipher  some  lines  of  the  inscri|)tion  by  the  fingers 
of  the  sea.  We  must  go  back  to  when  sea  was  not;  look 
fcjrward  to  the  time  when  it  shall  have  disai)peared.  All 
things  are  of  the  sea,  the  sands,  the  clays,  the  gravels,  solid 
rocks,  great  granite  hills,  foundations  laid  iu  the  sea.  In  its 
earliest  form  of  life,  or  at  least,  earliest  preserved.  The  secret 
of  our  mineral  wealth  is  all  there  ;  its  history  is  that  of  the 
building  of  a  world.  Origin  of  the  sea,  time  when  no  sea 
was,  primeval  ocean,  fiirst-formed  rocks,  our  land  has  all  been 
beneath  the  ocean.  Compos,  of  the  early  sea — limestone, 
clay,  salt,  carbonic  acid  ;  their  relation ;  purification  of  the 
early  atmosphere  ;    progressive  changes  of  air  and  climate 


85 


jiuliitiouA 
11(1  others. 
1  rejected 
Unlmiibia 
11..."  mess. 

jtter  posi- 
icliuolo^y. 
scientific 
Q  an  audi- 
liout  cnre- 
lotes.     He 

0  followed 
the  train 

ng  on  any 

1  Mppropri- 
red.       His 

their  oon- 

n  published 

dilUcult   to 

)lete.    The 

['  the  Sea  "' 

ity  and  fer- 
?ome  pages 
the  lingers 
ntjt ;  h)ok 
;;vred.     AH 
avels,  solid 
sea.     In  its 
The  secret 
that  of  the 
hen  no  sea 
as  all  been 
-limestone, 
tion  of  the 
nd  climate 


Origin  of  clays  and  samls,  fdliiiir  up  <.)f  l)asins.  Our  Amer- 
ican sea  basin.  Sul»siding  bottom.  Climate.  Mva]>oration 
and  rainfall.  Closed  basins,  Hmcstoiie  (ainnial  life),  magne- 
sian  rocks,  gyi)sum  salt,  i»otarili,  salts.  Mediterranean,  Dead 
Sea,  Salt  Lake  of  Utah.  Story  of  ancient  clinuito  in  record* 
of  the  sea.  Sea  constantly  changing  in  compos,  like  air  and 
soil.  Evidence  from  mineral  s))rings — their  history  and 
origin.  Saratoga  diluted  and  modified  early  sL-a  water. 
Contains  all  soluble  matters,  ^feteorie  waters  fall  on  land  ; 
superficial  s|)rings  add  emitinually  new  ingredients.  Terres- 
trial circulation,  l)loo(l,  vitalizing  fluid  circulates.  Air,  earth 
and  water  great  system.  Take  a  single  sam])le.  j)liosphorus, 
relation  to  life,  in  all  .soils  and  i)lants,  in  all  jtnjducts  of 
decay,  drainage  water  (.soil  retains).  In  the  sea  growing 
plants,  seaweeds,  animaLs,  lishes,  bones  and  muscle,  come  up 
as  food  for  man.  Birds  of  iirey.  Guano,  The  sea  restores 
its  phosphorus.  Still  another  way,  oo/.c  retains  it.  Ujdifted 
bottom  soil  for  new  generations.     Potash  in  like  nuuuier. 

' '  ^Metals  in  ))rimitive  sea.  So  the  wash  carries  tlieni  down. 
Iron,  copper,  silver  and  gold.  Precious  metals  of  the  sea. 
Silver  sea-weeds.  Gold.  Late  experiments,  1  gr.  (?)totheton; 
a  thousandfold  more  than  all  now  in  circulation.  Iodine, 
precious  agent,  the  solvent  the  great  aerator  of  the  sea  water. 

"  Laws  of  separation  and  accumulation  of  these  in  beds  and 
veins  a  subject  apart  and  distinct,  full  of  rare  instances  of 
nature's  chemistry. 

"  Another  circulation  besides  that  by  evap.  and  condensa- 
tion. Temperature  and  earth's  rotation.  N.  E.  and  S.  W. 
currents  ;  great  circuits  of  hot  and  cold  water  more  than  all  a 
vertical  circulation.  Cold  current  over  the  ocean's  bottom. 
Relation  to  ocean  life.  Depths  of  ^fediter.  Barren  waste  ; 
exception  not  the  rule  ;  stagnant  water.  Atlantic  to  great 
depths  full  of  life.  Descending  waters  carry  tlie  oxygen 
down  and  thus  supply  life.  Eapidly  multiplying  creatures 
and  abundant  life  ;  lime  also  to  form  their  shells.  Makes 
limestone  possible  in  deep  water.  Eises  to  moderate  tropic 
heats. 


•M 


? 


"  Some  i»t'  tliu.su  pliasos  ol  cliumiual  historv  of  thu  sua  ;  its 
future  ;  wo  speak  <>1  it  as  uncliaii,t;ing.  The  ima^'e  of  eter- 
nity comparatively  so.  Land  rises  and  lalls.  Here  rolls  the 
deep.  The  .sound  of  streams  that  swift  or  slow  draw  down 
Konian  Hills.  In  this  strujxiile  the  land  seemingly  suucumhs, 
l)ut  really  uonijuerd  its  foe;  slowly,  meehanieally  an<l  ehenn- 
cally  it  feeds  upon  the  sea  ;  o  to  20  percent,  of  modern  rocks 
is  ^vater ;  \  the  ocean.  I'rocess  still  goes  on.  Cooling 
globe  also  ;  pores  will  absorb  water;  little  by  little  it  will 
fail,  and  the  time  will  come  when  there  shall  be  no  more  sea. 
A  seale.ss,  waterless  continent,  from  which  life  is  absent.  A 
waste  spot  in  the  great  creation.  Such  fate  awaits  our  earth, 
and  all  the  lunlies  of  our  solar  .system  sooner  or  later,  when 
the  sun  itself  shall  have  been  extinguished  and  cooled  in  its 
turn.  Such  a  [)eriod  in  the  process  of  ages  must  come,  l)ut 
is'not  linal :  'tis  but  a  folh  ".  season  in  the  eternal  vears  ol 
God,  and  the  forces  oi  His  univer.se  can  again  call  from  out 
the  darkened  chaos  a  new  heaven  and  a  new  earth.  Man, 
too,  how  great  is  that  divine  gift  by  which  he  reads  the  lesson 
of  creation  and  destruction,  ami  can,  as  in  Cam}>bell's  grand 
vision,  look  on  the  dying  seer." 

Hunt  had  charge  of  the  Canadian  Geological  collection  at 
.several  of  the  great  exhibitions,  and  his  fame  and  i)erfect 
command  of  the  French  language  led  to  his  ap))ointment  to 
the  International  Jury  at  both  the  Paris  Exhibitions  of  l>>o') 
and  18(>7.  He  occupied  the  same  honorable  position  in  Lon- 
don in  1862,  and  in  Philadelphia  in  187(3.  With  him  jurv 
duty  was  no  mere  honorary  and  perfunctory  service,  but  a 
task  to  which  he  devoted  himself  with  such  intentness  that 
he  was  blind  to  all  else  in  the  exhibition  but  what  it  was 
within  his  province  to  stud}'.  His  oilicial  position  in  Paris 
in  1855  lir.st  opened  to  him  the  ])ortals  ol  the  great  world, 
and  he  entered  it  with  all  the  ardor  and  high  hopes  of  his 
impulsive  and  enthusiastic  nature.  Some  extracts  from  a 
letter  to  an  old  Norwich  friend,  written  from  Paris  in  Septem- 
ber, 1855,  are  interesting  biograi)hically  as  expressing  his 
sim])le  unconscious  vanity,  and  historically  as  they  refer  to 


.sea  ;    its 

of  etLT- 

roUs  tin' 

l\V    (liiWll 
lCCUl!ll»d. 

il  cliemi- 
;rii  rocks 

Cool  in, Li' 
c  it  will 
innv  sea. 
sent.  A 
air  earth. 
:er,  when 
led  in  its 
onie,  l»iit 

years  ot 
I'roni  out 
li.  Man, 
he  lesson 
I's  grand 

ction  at 

jiert'eet 

nient  to 

of  is:..') 

in  Lon- 
un  jurv 

e,  but   a 

less  that 
it   was 
in  Paris 
t  world. 

es  of  his 

from   a 

Septeni- 

!sing   his 
refer  to 


men  and  events  now  1)ceoinin<_f  obscure  and  misty  in  the  hazy 
])ast,  wliieh  yet  isso  little  distant  from  u.s  :  "  Since  I  am  iiere 
I  have  hcen  so  hiisicd  with  the  duties  of  juror  (h^r  I  was 
appointed  member  of  the  International  .luryi  tlnit  1  have 
really  beeri  a  slave.  Vou  may  judge  wlien  1  tell  you  that, 
although  the  J'alaco  of  Fine  Arts  is  but  a  few  rods  from  my 
lotlging,  1  have  only  been  there  once,  and  then  on  duty  and 
lor  an  hour  only,  and  I  have  been  onee  to  the  Louvre  lor  two 
hours.  1  am  tired  of  it ;  I  shall  leave  in  three  or  four  days 
for  the  l{hine.  1  have  need  of  this  to  rest  me  and  prepare 
me  I'or  lurther  labors  ot  the  .Iiirv  in  October,  when  the 
recompenses  will  all  be  fixed  tor  the  dilferent  exposants.  1 
have  had  the  objects  of  the  iirst-class  minerals,  metallurgical 
processes  and  all  that  eoiieerns  raw  materials  of  this  class.  A 
vast  amount  of  material  is  c«;llected  from  France,  Prussia, 
Austria,  Spain,  etc.,  but  Kngland  sends  verv  little,  and  the 
United  States  almost  nothing.  The  associations  of  the  Jury 
have  been  very  valuable  for  me  ;  our  President  is  Elie  de 
Beaumont,  who  is  justly  regarded  as  the  patriarch  of  geologv 
in  France  ;  Itesides  we  have  Dufrenoy,  Call«Mi  and  de  Chan- 
courtors  of  the  Imperial  School  of  Mines:  J^eplay,  who  is  at 
the  same  time  Commissionary-General  of  the  Exposition,  and 
some  foreign  members  of  more  or  less  distinction.  ^ly  inter- 
course with  them  has  been  very  agreeable.  M.dc  Beaumont 
has  been  })articnlarly  kind  in  his  marks  of  attention  toward 
me  and  his  high  iiosition  in  the  scientific  world  and  as  Sena- 
tor has  made  his  patronage  very  u.seful  to  me.  Dumas  has 
also  interested  himself  for  me,  has  brought  me  before  the 
Academy  of  Sciences,  and  presented  me  the  other  day  to 
Prince  Napoleon  in  a  most  public  and  tlattering  manner. 
The  Prince  received  me  with  great  kindness.  The  lu-esenia- 
tion  was  the  more  flattering  as  it  was  unsolicited,  and  as  M. 
Dumas  said  things  al^out  my  scientific  merit  that  1  will  not 
repeat,  I  dined  at  Dumas'  house,  and  met  among  other 
chemists,  ^[ess.  Balard  and  Wurtz.  M.  Dumas  was  much 
pleased  with  some  novelties  in  the  way  of  theories  wliich  I 
showed  him,  and  begged  me  to  let   him  give  them   to  the 


38 


Academy  in  my  name  ;  I  thanked  him  for  tlie  honor  he  did 
me,  and  lie  replied  that  anything  coming  from  me  would 
always  he  presented  by  him  with  great  pleasure.  I  shall  give 
him  my  notes  when  I  return  from  the  Khine.  ^[eanwhile  he 
has  presented  one  ]>a})er  from  me  on  atomic  volumes,  and  <le 
Beaumont  another  on  the  hypersthene  rocks,  besides  I  have  read 
two  papers  before  the  Academy  myself,  one  on  the  acid 
springs  and  gy})sum  of  Canada,  and  one  on  its  saline  waters. 
These  were  referred  to  a  committee  of  Dumas,  Boussingault 
and  de  Lenarmond,  and  both  are  published  in  the  Comptes 
Rendus  of  the  Academy,  where  I  have  thus  published  four 
memoires,  besides  one  m  the  bulletin  of  the  Geoloi^ical  Soci- 
ety,  on  the  magnesium  rocks,  sei'jientines,  etc.,  of  Canada. 
All  my  memoires  have  been  very  well  received  and  much 
talked  of;  they  seem  to  have  been  very  fortunate.  I  shall 
bring  3'ou  copies  of  them.  I  am  very  fortunate  in  being  able 
to  Avrite  and  speak  French.  We  had  a  meeting  of  the  Soci- 
ety last  week,  and  made  several  excursions  about  I'aris.  I 
bring  you  some  ahiminium  with  a  little  note  irom  Ste.  Claire 
Deville,  the  discoverer.  As  for  aluminium,  it  is  still  very 
rare,  perhajis  100  pounds  have  been  made  by  Deville  for  the 
emperor,  who  has  defrayed  from  his  own  purse  the  experi- 
ments. Rousseau,  the  greatest  f  ibricant  of  rare  chemicals  in 
France,  sells  it,  however,  ai  three  and  a  half  cents  a  grain, 
the  price  of  gold,  and  ever\'body  bu\'s  specimens  of  it  at  that 
price,  so  that  he  can  hardly  supply  the  demand.  I  .send  you 
a  bit  in  this  letter  from  Deville  himself,  for  3'ou,  but  his 
autograph  I  will  keep  till  I  see  you." 

The  honor  he  expected  was  conferred.  He  was  made  Chev- 
alier of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  subsequently  raised  to  the 
rank  of  Officer.  After  the  congress  of  Bologna,  King  Hum- 
bert of  Italy  decorated  him  with  the  order  of  St.  Mauritius 
and  St.  Lazarus.  Literary  honors  were  also  showered  on 
him,  and  when  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Koyal  Society  in  1859, 
he  enjoyed  the  di!<tincti<>n  of  being  the  youngest  of  that 
generation  entitled  to  add  F.R.S.  to  his  name.  Early  in  his 
career  Harvard  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  M.A.,  but  his 


39 


r  he  did 

I   would 

lall  give 

^vhile  he 

;,  and  de 

lave  read 

the   acid 

;  waters. 

ssinganlt 
Comptes 

,hed  foiu- 

cal  Soci- 
Cauada. 

lid  much 
I  shall 

leing  able 
the  Soci- 
Paris.     I 

^tc.  Claire 

still   very 

He  for  the 
expcri- 

oinicals  in 

a  grain, 

it  at  that 

send  you 

,  hut   his 

de  Chev- 
sed  to  the 

ng  Iluni- 
Mauritius 
jwcrod  on 
yin  1859, 
st  of  that 
irly  in  his 
\..,  but  his 


own  University  of  Yale,  on  account  of  some  youthful  csca- 
l)ade,  never  enrolled  him  on  her  honor  list.  The  University 
of  Laval,  of  which  he  was  a  member  of  the  llrst  Senatus 
Academicus,  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  and  in  1881 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  England,  honored  him  with  the 
same  degree,  assigning  him  as  his  chambers,  while  its  guest, 
([uarters  in  Trinity  College,  near  the  rooms  occupied  by 
Xewton.  It  was  there  under  the  insjuration,  as  he  felt,  of 
the  great  philosopiier's  presence,  that  he  wrote  bis  splendid 
essay,  "  On  Celestial  Chemistry  from  the  Time  of  Xewton." 
Hunt  was  one  of  the  tbunders  of  tlie  Geological  Congresses 
which  have  been  held  at  intervals  of  three  or  four  years  since 
the  first  assembled  in  Paris  in  1S78.  The  idea  was  originally 
broached  at  a  meeting  in  Buttalo  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Atlvancement  of  Science  in  187(5,  when  it  was 
resolved  that  a  committee  of  the  Association  be  ap})ointed  to 
consider  the  propriety  of  holding  an  international  congress  of 
geoLjgists  at  Paris  during  the  International  Exhibition  of 
1878,  for  the  purpt)se  of  getting  together,  comiKxrativc  collec- 
tions, maps  and  sections  for  the  settling  ot  many  obscure- 
jioints,  relating  to  geological  classifications  and  nomencla- 
ture. The  committee  consisted  of  seven  eminent  American 
geologists,  ot  whom  Hunt  was  one,  and  to  the  committee  were 
added  Huxley,  Terrill  and  Ilamhauser,  who  were  jiresent  at 
the  meeting.  Subsequently  .lames  Hall  was  elected 
President,  and  Hunt,  Secretary,  and  it  Avas  to  his  efforts 
as  Secretary  that  the  successful  organization  of  the  Con- 
gress was  largely  due,  for,  as  was  afterwards  shown,  this- 
was  not  the  first  attem])t  to  induce  the  geologists  ot  the 
world  to  assemble  for  discussion  and  conference,  Caj)ellini 
had  in  1871  unsuccessfully  made  similar  j)roj)osals.  At 
the  Nashville  meeting  in  1877,  Hunt  presented  the  commit- 
tee's report,  and  he,  with  Lesley,  Hall,  Cope,  Chambertin  and 
Selwyn,  attended  the  Mrst  Congress  at  Paris.  Hunt  was 
elected  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents.  He  took  jiart  in  the 
opening  session,  was  prominent  as  a  debater  throughout  the 
Congress,  and  was  ap})ointcd  (me  ot  the  International  Com- 
mittee on  L'nification  and  Geological  Nomenclature. 


40 


He  attended  the  Second  Congress  at  Bologna,  which  opened 
on  September  "JO,  1881,  under  the  presidency  of  the  distin- 
guished statesman  and  geologist,  (.^uintino  Sella.  He  ])artici- 
pated  actively  in  committee  work,  and  in  the  discussions,  but 
though  lie  communicated  no  important  ])aper  to  the  Congress, 
Lis  eminence  was  so  conspicuous  that,  as  already  stated.  King 
Htunbert  conferred  on  him  the  order  of  St.  Mauritius  and  St. 
Lazarus. 

Uis  iiealth  was  already  lieginning  to  fail.  He  did  not 
attend  the  Congress  held  in  Berlin,  in  1885,  but  his  unme 
was  jdaced  on  the  Committee  tor  the  Unilication  of  Geologi- 
cal Nomenclature.  But  lie  was  able  to  attend  and  participate 
actively  in  the  Fourth  Congress  held  in  Loudon  in  Sejttcmbcr, 
1888.  He  communicated  a  pajter  in  French  on  "  Crystalline 
Schists,''  and  took  a  warm  ])art  in  the  resulting  discussion  on 
the  crystalline  rocks.  It  was  the  last  occasion  on  which  he 
visited  Kuro])e,  and  when  the  Congress  met  in  Washington 
in  August,  I8i»2,  he  was  too  ill  to  attend. 

Another  organi/.atiou  in  whose  inauguration  aud  subsequent 
welfare  he  took  a  deep  interest  was  the  Boyal  S(jciety  of 
Canada.  It  was  created  in  188'J.  and  ILuit  was  the  first 
President  of  the  Mathematical,  Physical  iind  Chemical  Sec- 
ti(;iis.  and  was  President  I'or  the  vearsof  188^-5.  The  bibliog- 
raphy  is  evidence  of  the  industry  with  which  he  worked  f(,>r 
the  Society. 

Two  other  societies  whose  meetings  he  attended  with 
laudable  punctuality  aud  to  wlujse  publications  he  con- 
tributed largely  were  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  ot  Science  and  the  American  Institute  of 
]Miuing  Kimineers.  He  was  active  Vice-President  of  the 
former  in  the  absence  of  its  President  in  1871,  and  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Institute  in  1877.  The  last  paper  which  he  con- 
tributed to  its  transactions  was  a  very  comj)rehensive,  yet 
concise  summary  of  the  geological  relations  of  the  iron  ores 
of  the  Lnited  States,  preseuteil  at  the  joint  meeting  ol  the 
Iron  and  Steel  Institute  (of  Fngland)  and  the  Ameiicau  In- 
stitute of  Mining  Engineers  in  1891.     The  })aper  was  written 


41 


opened 
tlistiu- 
]iartici- 
iiis,  but 
injiTCss, 
-1,  King 
and  St. 

did   not 
is  name 
(jeologi- 
rticinate 
)toniV)er, 
ystidline 
ission  on 
diicli   he 
Lsliington 

bseqncnt 
)ciety  of 
the  lii'st 
c:d  Sec- 
)il)liog- 
)rked  tor 

cd    with 
he    eon- 
tor    the 
aitute    of 
it  of    the 
as  Presi- 
;h  he  cou- 
nsive,  yet 
iron  ores 
ng  ot  the 
oriean  In- 
as  written 


while  confined  to  his  room  by  liis  fatal  illness,  and  the 
material  was  drawn  from  the  resources  of  his  well-stocked 
memory. 

In  1878  he  was  created  ;i  member  of  the  National  Academy 
(^f  Science,  and  for  many  years  attended  its  sessions  in  "Wash- 
ington, even  when  so  doing  involved  not  a  little  incon- 
venience. 

The  last  two  years  of  his  life  he  spent  either  in  St.  Luke's 
Hosjiital  or  conlinetl  to  his  room  in  the  Park  Avenue  Hotel, 
Xew  York,  but  they  were  by  no  means  years  of  idleness.  lie 
wrote  most  of  his  Systematic  Mineralo(jy  when  sult'ering  from  a 
complication  ol  diseases,  which  would  have  been  a  valid 
excuse  to  any  other  man  for  physical  and  mental  rest ;  and 
up  to  the  day  belbre  his  death,  whicli  took  ]tlace  on  February 
12,  1802,  lie  spent  hours  at  his  desk,  at  work  on  a  new  book. 
He  died  .sitting  on  his  bed,  fully  dressed,  his  head  Icaninjr  on 
the  table,  lighting  tli(3  grim  enemy  to  the  very  last.  His  .sole 
pleasure,  during  tlujse  dreary  months  of  eonllnemeiit,  was 
tending  his  plants  and  llowers,  for  he  hjved  them,  not  only  as 
a  well-trained  botanist,  but  with  keen  sympathy,  as  if  they 
had  been  sentient  beings.  They  never  olt'endcd  his  taste  or 
acute  sense  of  smell  or  irritated  iiiin  as  animals  did.  For 
them  he  had  almost  a  dislike. 

A|>art  from  science  Hunt  wrote  little  or  nothing.  In  his 
youth  he  for  a  time  believed  himself  a  poet,  and  liecom])osed 
a  short  epic  and  translated  Latin  hvmns.  '^IMie  loUowiiit:' 
verses  express  the  mystical  tendency  of  his  mind  at  that 
perio<l  : 

"PREJ'lXISTEXCE." 

"  Dreams  tliat  steal  o'er  me  in  my  waking  hours 
Tell  of  another  life  than  that  of  earth, 
For  ante-natal  memories  sometimes  come 
O'er  the  dark  flood  my  spirit  crossed  at  birth. 

"  Visions  of  other  scenes  in  other  lands. 

Strange  jilimpses  of  a  life  now  mine  no  more  ; 

Thoufihts,  too.  that  tell  me  that  what  is  has  been, 

Forms  I  have  known  on  some  forgotten  shore. 


42 


"  Friends  that  were  mine  liefore  I  crossed  the  flood 
Which  darkly  hides  that  vanished  life  from  view  ; 
Wakening  niy  love,  as  only  brothers  could 
Tell  me  that  all  these  memories  are  true. 


"This  world  is  but  one  scene  on  life's  great  stape  ; 
My  soul,  to  whom  these  visions  now  are  given, 
Passinjr  beyond  the  darkening  Hood  of  death 
Shall  wake  to  fuller  vision  in  hiyh  heaven." 

His  teiiiperainent  wa.s  always  distinctly  religions.  He  went 
to  Canada  as  a  liigh-strnng  imaginative  boy,  who  had  been 
bronght  up  in  the  strictest  .school  of  Connecticut  Congrega- 
tionalism. In  Montreal  he  was  at  once  admitted  into  the 
iimer  circle  oi  the  French  Canadian  Society,  which  retained 
much  of  the  culture  and  urace  ot  the  Ancien  Rejime.  was 
devoutly  Catholic,  and  was  controlled  by  French  ecclesiastics 
of  trreat  snavitv,  tact  and  intcllectiial  acuteness.  Under  the.se 
influences  Hunt  adopted  the  Roman  Catholic  taith,  and 
remained  a  devout  son  of  the  Church  till  after  the  breaking 
out  of  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  when  he  abandoned  the 
Church  as  opeidy  and  with  the  same  courage  and  .sincerity  as 
he  had  shown  in  entering  it,  though  in  so  doing  he  alienated 
some  of  his  dearest  friends.  Whatever  may  have  l)een  his 
faults,  cowardice  and  duplicity  were  m^t  among  them. 

He  remained  a  bachelor  till  1877,  living  during  tlie  previ- 
ous thirty  years  almost  always  alone,  but  devoting  a  verv 
large  j>ortion  of  his  salary  to  the  support  of  his  ni<>tlier. 
whom  he  loved  and  reverenced  till  her  death,  and  of  his  two 
sisters. 

Marrying  so  late  in  life,  after  his  habits  had  become  rigid, 
and  when  so  many  years  of  solitude  had  made  it  difficult  to 
bend  to  the  elastic  requirements  of  domesticity,  marriage  was 
not  congenial.  It  interfered  with  his  studies,  and  his  wife  and 
he  wisely  decided  to  live  aj)art. 

But  though  a  herniit  in  his  habits,  he  formed  many  wann 
friendshi|)S,  and  was  fond  of  occasional  social  intercourse. 
Like  all  emotional  natures,  he  was  subject  to  periods  of  great 
elation  and  corresponding  depression,  and  in  his  estimate  of 


43 


He  went 
liacl  been 
I'ontfrega- 

iuto  the 

I  retainc'l 
jime.  was 
c-lt'siastica 
iuler  these 
aith,    and 

breakius 
,l.>ne«l  the 
noerity  as 
?  alienatetl 

l)een  his 

m. 

the  previ- 

II  jr  a  very 
is  uiother. 
ot  his  two 

oine  rigi'l, 
difficult  to 
image  was 
li.s  wife  and 

nany  wann 
intercourse. 
,.ls  of  great 
■estimate  of 


men  was  inclined  to  idealize  his  friend,  and  to  hold  and 
express  unduly  derogatory  opinions  of  those  he  was  not  in 
sympathy  with.  During  his  long  and  eminent  scientilic 
career  he  knew  and  corresponded  with  nearly  all  of  the 
worhi's  great  chemists  and  geologists,  and  of  course  hi.s 
acquaintance  was  intimate  with  the  scientists  of  this  country 
and  Canada,  who  liveil  during  the  latter  half  of  the  centurv. 
When  adopted  into  the  Society  of  the  Lynx,  a  very  exclu- 
sive Roman  body,  the  members  of  which  are  known  uiuler 
the  itseudonym  of  some  departed  scientist,  he  took  the  name 
of  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  but  Faraday  was  bis  model  ;uid 
example.  Faraday's  luiscllish  devotion  to  science  and  his 
voluntary  surrender  of  gain  and  of  a  life  of  ease  and  wenlth, 
which  would  have  rewarded  the  pursuit  of  technical  chemis- 
try and  physics,  in  order  that  he  might  devote  himself  with- 
out distraction  to  the  investigation  of  jnire  science,  excited 
Hunt's  emulation.  At  the  same  time,  the  beautiful  serenity 
of  Faraday's  dis|)osition  and  the  jairity  and  .steadfastness  <jf 
his  religious  convictions  appealed  strongl}'  to  Hunt's  deeper 
feelings.  Hunt  was  a  guest  at  Dumas'  breaktast  table,  when 
a  letter  from  Faraday  was  delivered,  which,  as  it  was  written 
in  English,  none  but  Hunt  could  read  and  interpret.  It  was 
the  acceptance  by  Faraday  of  tiie  liighest  lujunr  the  Emperor 
Xapoleon  could  bestow  on  him,  the  Commandership  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor,  a  di.stinetion  conferred  rarely  except  for 
distinguished  military  services.  Xajwleon  when  he  was  an 
exile  in  England  had  known  intimately  and  admired  pro- 
foundly the  single-minded  jddlosopher,  and  now  through 
Dumas,  the  greatest  French  chemist  and  a  Senator,  he  thus 
expre.ssed  his  a])]ireciation  of  his  work  and  character.  Fara- 
day's reply  was  couched  in  the  most  respectful  though  almost 
affectionate  languatre,  and  emled  with  a  devout  wish,  that  the 
Almighty  would  guide  his  old  friend  amidst  the  dilTiculties 
which  now  beset  his  jiath — such  a  prayer  as  he  might  have 
uttered  in  the  little  Saudimauian  conventicle  which  he  fre- 
quented. 

Faradav    was    Hunt's   hero   of    science,   and    Newton    its 


44 


prophet.  Therefore  tlio  cahn  ])lnlo.so]ihical  spirit  which 
actuated  hoth  men  must  liave  been  to  him  a  constant  re- 
proach: for  Hunt's  vehemence  too  often  took  the  phice  ot  sim- 
ple earnestness,  and  his  keenly  impressionable  and  irritable 
nature  prevented  his  always  judicially  weighing  both  sides  of 
the  many  debatable  questions  on  wliich  he  nevertheless  held 
decided  views. 

He  was  not  lacking  in  candor.  If  he  believed  himself  in 
the  wrong  he  was  willing  to  admit  his  error.  But  at  the 
same  time  he  was  bigote<l  in  his  adherence  to  any  jjosition 
he  had  a.ssumed,  and  when  forced  t(j  al)andon  it,  he  was  very 
ingenious  in  finding  good  reasons  for  his  change  of  base. 

The  controversial  character  of  so  much  of  his  writings  and 
the  constant  reiteration  of  his  claim  ot  ]>riority  as  1  have  al- 
ready remarked,  obscure  unfortunately  to  some  extent  the 
brilliancy  of  his  original  work,  and  have  created,  it  is  to  be 
leared,  a  false  im]iression  of  his  character,  which  was  essen- 
tially chivalrous  and  generous.  Those  who  came  most  in- 
timately into  contact  with  him  were  those  who  admired  him 
most.  His  faults  and  foibles  were  not  skillfully  concealed. 
They  were  only  too  patent. 

Hunt  set  before  himself  high  ideals.  He  did  not  always 
realize  them.  But  he  none  the  less  strove  to  live  up  to  them, 
and  he  did  attain  to  no  small  measure  of  success  and  self- 
conquest.  The  heroism  of  his  declining  years  >v;*H*.magniri-  '^ 
cent,  as  he  worked  })aticntly  and  jierseveringly  under  the 
strain  of  failing  health  and  with  a  speedy  death  staring  him 
eonstantlv  in  the  face  and  threatening  witli  inevitable  cer- 
tainty  to  soon  cut  the  thread  of  life. 

BIIiLIOrTHAPHY. 

AHltliEVIATIONS. 

.V.A.P. — Anu'riciui  Acaileiny  Proceedings. 

A.C. — Aineriean  Chemist. 

.V.N. — AiiH  ricaii  Xaturalist. 

IJ.A.U. — British  Association  Reports. 

C.  iV:  ri.E. — limit's  Chemical  and  (xeological  Essays. 

C.G.S. — Canadian  Geological  Sin-vey. 


45 


it  which 
stunt  re- 
e  of  sim- 
irritable 
1  sides  of 
less  held 

iinself  in 
t  at  the 

position 
was  very 
)ase. 

tin,<:s  and 
have  al- 
ctcnt  the 
t  is  to  he 
as  essen- 

niost  in- 
lired  him 
oncealed. 

it  ahvays 
I  to  them, 
and  self- 
>-inagnili- 
mder  tlie 
iring  him 
,able   cer- 


'Vtj 


C.J. — Canadian  Journal. 

ex. — Canadian  Naturalist. 

C.  Xews. — Chemical  News. 

C.H.— Couiptes  lieiulus,  Paris. 

D. G.S.J. — Dublin  (ieoloirical  Society  Journal. 

f^rd.J.P.C— Erduiann  Jour.  I'rakt.  Clieni. 

(J.S.J. — Geological  Society  Journal. 

r.^r.E.— American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineer.^^  Transaction. 

.M.P.  &  P. — Hunt's  Alineral  Physiology  and  Physiography. 

P. .v.  A. — Proceedings  of  American  Association. 

P.M. — Philosophical  ]Maga/inc. 

U.S. P. — Royal  Social  Proceedings. 

S.J. — Silliman  Journal — American  Journal  of  Science. 

1840. 

On  the  ^leteoric  Iron  of  Texas  anil  Lockport.  G.  li.  Silliman  Jr.,  and 
T.  S.  II.     S.  J.,  ii,  p.  370. 

Description  and  Analysis  of  a  Xew  ^Mineral  Species  Containiui;- Titan- 
ium, with  Some  Remarks  on  the  Constitution  of  Titaniferous  Min- 
erals. S.  J.,  ii,  p.  80. 

(^n  Ozone.     S.  J.,  ii,  p.  10:1. 

1847. 
On  tlie  Artificial  Formation  of  Specular  Iron.     S.  J.,  iii  (?),  p.  411. 
Review  of  the    Organic  Cliemistrv  of  .M,  Charles   Gerliardt.      S,  J     iv 

p.  93. 
On  the  Relations  of  Glycocoll  and  Alcargene.     S.  J.,  iv,  p.  108. 
On  the  Action  of  Sulphuretted  Hydrogen  upon  Xilric  Acetene.      S.  J., 

iv,  p.  350. 
Analysis  of  3Iinerals  in  Third   Annual    Report  of  C.  R.  Ad:»ms  of  the 

Geological  Survey  of  Vermont. 

1848. 

On  the  Analysis  of  Chromic  Iron.     S.  J.,  v.  p.  418-411). 

On  the  Chemical  Constitution  of  (rclatine  and  its  Transformation.  S. 
J.,  V,  p.  74. 

Seven  Reviews  in  the  Scientific  Intelligence,  and  One  Analysis  of  Chro- 
mic Iron.     S.  J.,  V,  p.  418. 

«^n  the  Anomalies  presented  in  the  Atomic  Volumes  of  Sulphur  and 
Nitrogen,  witli  Remarks  on  Chemical  Classification  and  a  Notice  of 
M.  Laurent's  Theory  of  Binary  ^lolecules.  S.  J.,  vi.  p.  170.  Re- 
pultlished  as  "Theory  of  Types  in  Chemistry"  in  C.  &  G.  E. 

On  the  Chemical  Nature  of  Gelatine.     S.  J.,  v,  p.  259. 

Geological  Survey  of  Canada  (1847-1849),  April,  1848.  Rejjort  on  the 
Rocks  and  Minerals  of  the  Ottawa— especially  Epatitcand  Analysis 
of  Mineral  Rocks.     Pp.  125-165. 


■Pi 


40 


1 1 

1 1. 


1849. 

Note  to  ii  Paper  on  tlie  Clieinical  Nature  of  Gelatine.     S.  J.,  vi,  lip.  259, 

2(10. 
On    the   Acid   Springs  and  (T\'psuni    Deposits  of  tiie  Onondaga    Salt 

(Jronp.     S.  J.,  vii,  pp.  175-178;  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Jour.,  xlvii,   i)p. 

50-53. 
On  Some  Principles  to  he  Considered  in  Chemical  Classifications.      S. 

J.,  vii,  pp.  89-95;  viii,  pp.  89-95  (?). 
•Chemical  Examination  of  Algerite,  a  New  .Mineral  Species.     S.  J.,  viii, 

pp.  10:5-108;  also  Ii.  J.  N.  II.,  vi,  1857,  pp.  118-123. 
Chemical  Examination  of  the  Water  of  the  Tuscaroni  Sour  Spring,  and 

of  Some  Other  Waters  of  Western  Canada.      S.  J.,  vii,  pp.  304-372. 
On  the  Decomposition  of  .Vniline  hv  Nitrous  Acid.      S.  J.,  viii,  pp.  372- 

375. 
On  the  Geology  of  Canada.     P.  A.  A.  S  ,  ii,  pp.  325-334. 
On  a  New  .Mineral  Algerite,   Boston,  Proc.    Nat.   His,  Soc,  iii,  1S48- 

1851,  pp.  259,  260. 
Leucine  and  Its  Homologous  Relations,  with   some   Critical  Remarks 

upon  the  late  Researches  of  ]Mr.  Wiirtz.     A.   A.  A.  S.,   pp.  231-233; 

also  S.  J.,  ix,  1850,  pp.  63-67. 
Report  on  Limestones,  Assatite,  and  Mineral  Waters.      C.  G.  S.,  pp. 

47-05. 

1850. 

Geology  of  Canada  (1849).     S.  .1.,  ix,  p.  12-19. 

Leucine  and  Its  Homologous  Relations,  with  Some  Critical  Remarks  on 
the  Late  Researches  of  Mr.  Wiirtz.     S.  .1  ,  ix,  p.  63. 

Chemical  Examination  of  tiie  Waters  of  Some  of  the  Mineral  Springs  of 
Canada.     S.  J.,  ix,  pp.  266-275. 

Rcsearcli  upon  some  Derivations  of  the  Benzoic  Series  of  Chural.  S.  .1., 
p.  275  ;  and  other  note  in  the  Scientific  Intelligence. 

On  Some  Saline  Springs  Containing  Barj'ta  and  Strontia.  P.  A.  A.,  ]>p. 
153,  154. 

On  the  Taconic  Sy.stem.     P.  A.  A.,  pp.  203-204. 

On  the  Determination  of  Phosphoric  Acid.     P.  A.  A.,  p.  338. 

Analysis  of  Soils  and  Ashes  of  Peat.  P.  A.  S.,  p.  222  (not  re- 
ceived). 

Canadian  Localities  of  Minerals.     P.  A.  S  ,  p.  311  (not  received). 

On  Magnisite.     P.  A.  S.  p.  353  (not  received). 

Locality  of  Asphaltum.     P.  A.  S.  p.  357  (not  received). 

Malate  of  Lime  in  Sugar  Maple.     P.  A.  S.,  p.  389  (not  received). 

Report  on  Soils  of  Canada  East  and  Mineral  Springs.  C.  G.  S.,  p.  73- 
100. 

1851. 
On  the  Mineral  Springs  of  Canada.     S.  J.,  xi,  pp.  174-181. 
On  the  Chemical  Constitution  of  the  Mineral  Warwickite.     S.  J.,  xii,  pp. 
352-356. 


47 


v\,  i.p.  259, 

(liiira    Halt 
,  xlvii,   pp. 

itions.      S. 

S.  J.,  viii, 

prill*:;,  ami 
)p.  3G4-3T2. 
iii,  pp.  372- 

;.,  iii,  1S48- 

il  llciuarlvs 
)p.  231-233 ; 

;.  G.  s.,  pp. 


Remarlvs  on 
1  Springs  of 
unil.     S.  J., 

:>.  A.  A.,  pp. 


!8. 

J22   (not    re- 
ived). 


ived). 
G.  S.,  p.  73- 


S.  J.,  xii,  PI) 


Description  and  Anaiy.sis  of  Loiranitc.     P.  >[.,  ij,  pp.  (]n-(\l. 
K.vaininalion  of  Some  Canadian  .Minerals.     V.  -M.,  1,  i)p,  322-328. 
Iteinarks   on  the  Litholoiiieal  and   Pahuontological  Characters  of   ihc 

Potsdam  Siindstone,     P.  A,  A.,  pp.  271-273. 
On  the  Homologies  of  the  Alcohols  and  their  Derivatives.      P.  A.  .\.., 

PI).  21(;,  217. 
Cohimliite  of  Iladdain.     P.  A.  S.,  p.  043. 
Octahedral  Peroxide  of  Iron.     P.  A.  S.  p.  242  (not  received). 
Ecouomical  Use  of  the  Skin  of  the  AVliite  Porpoise.     P.  A.  S.,  p.  386. 
Report— North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence  below  Quebec.      C.   G.  S.,  pp. 

37-')4. 

1852. 

On  the  Compound  Ammonias  and  the  Bodies  of  the  Cacodyle  Scries. 
S.  J.,  xiii,  pp.  200-211. 

On  the  Octahedral  Oligist  Iron.     S.  J.,  xiii,  370-373. 

Examination  of  Some  American  Minerals.     S.  J.,  xiv,  pp.  34(>-34G. 

Examination  of  the  Phosphatic  IVfatter  and  Supposed  liones  and  Copro- 
lites  Occurring  in  the  Lower  Silurian  Rocks  of  Canada.  G.  S.  Q.  ,T.. 
viii,  pp.  209,  210. 

Report  (on  Chemical  Work).     G,  S.  C.  (report  of  ])rogress),  p|).  93-121. 

Remarks  on  the  Lithological  and  Paheontoloiiical  Characters  of  the  Pots- 
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18.-)3. 
On  Atomic  Volumes.     S.  J.,  xv,  p.  116. 
On  the  Theory  of  Chemical  Change  and  on  Eciuivalent  Volumes.  S.  ,T., 

XV,  226-234.     Reprinted  in  C.  &  G.  E. 
Ou  the  Constitution  and   E(iuivalent  Volume  of  some   ^liiieral  Species. 

S.  ,1.,  xvi,  pp.  203-218.     lieprlnted  in  C.  &  (i.  E. 
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1854. 

On  the  Theoretical  Relations  of  Water  and  Hvdroo-cn.     S.  J.,  xvii,  pji. 

194-199. 
On  the  Chemical  Compositions  and  ]{cinarks  on  the  ^lineral  Si)ecies  of 

Algerite.     S.  J.,  xvii,  pp.  351-352. 
Description  of  Parophite,  xvii,  p.  127. 
On  Some  of  the  Crystalline  Limestones  of  North  America.     S.  J.,  xviii, 

pp.  193-200. 
Illustrations  of  Chemical  Homology.      P.  A.  A.,  pp.  237-247,  and  S.  .1., 

xviii,  pp.  269-271. 
On  the  Composition  and  Metamorphoses  of  Some  Sedimentarv  Rocks. 

P.  M.,  vii,  pp.  233-238  :  Erd.  J.  P.  C,  Ixii,  p.  174. 
On  Phosphatic  Organic  Remains  in  the  Palteozoic  Rocks.     P.  A.  S.  (no 

copy  furnished  for  pub.). 
Ou  a  Number  of  Mineral  Species.    P.  A.  S.  (not  furnished  for  pub.). 


- 1 " 


■ima 


T 


48 


Hcport  fin-  tlic  Year  1854.     Tricliiiic  Feldspars. 
Silurian  Rorlis.     C.  «.  S.,  pp.  873-388. 

is:).-). 

Tliouirhts  on   Solution  and  tlie  Chemical  Process.     S.  J.,  xix,  pp.  100- 

103.     Reprinted  in  C.  &  (i.  E. 
On  the  K(inivalents  ot'Sonie  Species.     S.  J.,  xix,  jip.  41(5-418 
On  the  So-called  Taleose  Slates  of  the  Green  Mountains.      S.  J.,  xix,  \\ 

417. 
Sur  les  roches  niann^sienncs  du  sroupe  de  la  reviere  Hudson  an  Canada. 

Paris,  Lex.  (i^oj.  Hull.,  xii,  lHi4,  18.m.  pp.  10-il)-1031. 
Xote  snr  les  sources  acidcs  ot  les  sypses  de  Ilaut-Cannda.  Paris.  Coniptes 

Rondus,  xl,  pp.  1348-13.")!. 
Snr  les  volumes  atonn(iU(s.     Paris,  Comptcs  Rendns,  xli,  pp.  77-81. 
Recherches  sur  les  eaux  miuerales  du  Canada.      Paris,  Comptes  Ren- 

dus,  xli.  pp.  300-304. 
Sur  les  rapports  entre  queUjue  composes   diflfdrant  par  II._,  et   par  O.^. 

Paris  Comptcs  Rendus,  xli.  pp.  1167-1169. 
Examinations  of  Some  Felspathic  Rocks.     P.  M.,  ix,  pp.  354-3()3  ;  Erd. 

J.  P.  C,  Ixvi,  pp.  149-ir)4. 

On  the  Serpentines  of  Canada  and  their  Associated  Rocks.     R.  S.  P., 

viii,  pp.  423-425. 
On  the  Parts  which  the  Silicates  of  the  Alkalies,  may  play  in  the  IVfeta- 

inorphism  of  l^oeks.      R.  S.  P.,  viii,  pp.  458-401  ;  also  P.  M.,  xv,  in 

IftiS,  and  S.  ,J.,  XXV,  pp.  278-287,  in  1858. 

1857. 
On  the  (Miirin  and  ^[etamorphosis  of  Some  Sedimentary  Rocks.     C.  S. 

ii,  pp.  355-357. 
On  the  Chemical  Composition  of  the  Waters  of  the  St.   Lawrence  and 

Ottawa  Rivers.     P.  :M.,  xiii,  pp.  239-245. 
On  the  Reactions  of  the  Alkaline  Silicates.     S.  .T.,  xxiii,  pp.  437,  438. 
Note  on  the  Cherokine  of  C.  V.  Shepard.     S.  J.,  pp.  xxvi,  27-50. 
On  the  Prohahle  Orijxin  of  Some  ^fagnesian  Rocks.     R.  S.  P.,  ix,  1857- 

1859,  pp.  159-164;  S.  .T.,  xxiv,  pp.  272,  273. 
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ft)r  the  Year  1853  on  Mineral  Waters  and  Laurcntian  Limestones.    C. 

G.  S. 
Ditto,  ditto,  for  1854,  "On  Triclinic  Felspars  of  the  Lanrentian  Scries," 

and  "On  Silurian  Rocks." 
Ditto,  ditto,  for  1855  "On  Iron  Ores  and  Metallurgy  of  Iron,"  "On  Ex- 
traction of  Salt,"  "On  :Magnesian  Mortars,"  "On  Plumbago,"  "On 

Peat  and  Its  Products." 
Ditto,  ditto,  for  185(?,  "On  Parallelism  of  the  Metamorphic  Silurian  and 

Lanrentian  Rocks." 


4t> 


,  i)p.  100- 

.1.,  xix,  p. 
u  Canada. 

;,  Coiuptcs 

77-81. 
iptes  Hen- 

't   i>ar   O.^. 

■3r>3  ;  Er<l. 

H.  S.  P.. 

Iho  Mttii- 
M..  XV,   ill 

ks.     C.  S. 

re  nee  anil 

13T,  438. 
50. 
ix,  1857- 

f  Canada 
stones.    C. 

n  Scries," 

On  Ex- 
go,"  "On 

Inrian  and 


All  tiic  above  in  Itcport  (»f  ProL'ies^,  i)nl)li>lied  in  1857.  Altsiracfsof 
above  were  pulili>iied  in  C.  N.,  ill,  l»l-'J7,  and  in  S.  .F.,  second 
series,  xvx,  pp.  •J17-220,  and  xxvi,  pp.  234-240,  under  tiie  title, 
"  Contriltntions  to  tlie  History  of  Opliiolites,"  with  additions,  "(»n 
Seri)entines  and  Some  of  its  Usi.-.."     C.  N.,  ii,  pp.  28-34. 

C'lieuiical  Report  and  "On  Dolomites  and  tlteir  Formation."  C.  <J.  S, 
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.Mineral  Waters  and  Origin  of  .Magnesian  Rocks.     C.  N.,   ii,  p.  258. 

1858. 

On  the  Theory  of  Igneous  Rocks  and  Voleanos.     C  .1.,  iii,  i>p.  201-208; 

C.  X.,  iii,  pp.  194-201,  antl  repuldislied  in  C.  cV  (i.  i:. 
On  Die  Chemistry  of  llie  Primeval  Ivirth.     S.  .1.,  .xxv,  pp.  102,  103. 
Contributions  to  the  History  of  ()|)liiolites.     S.  J.,  xxv,   pp.  217-220; 

xxvi,  pp.  234-240:  Erd.  J.  P.  C,  Ixxv,  pp.  457.  45S. 
On   the   lOxtraction  of  Salts  from  Sea  Water.     S.  .1.,  xxv,  pp.  ;!(>1-371  ; 

C.  N.,  iii,  |)p.  97-110. 
On  the  (Origin  of  Eeldspars  and  on  Some  Points  of  Chemieal  I-itliology 

S.  .!.,  xxv,  i)p.  43.J-437.  ^ 

On  I-^npiiotide  and  Saussnrite.     S.  J.,  xxv,  p.  437. 
On  Some  {{eaclions  of  tlie  Salts  of  Lime  and  .Magnesia.     S.  .1.,  xxvi,  pp 

109,  110. 

1859, 

Contributions  to  the  History  of  (iyp>nni  and  Magnesian  Itocks.  P.  A. 
S.,  pp.  227-247  (1800;  ;  C.  X.,  iv,  pp.  294,  295.  Reprinted  in  C.  & 
G.  E. 

On  the  Formation  of  Magnesian  Limestone.     C.  .1.,  iv,  pp.  185,  180. 

Fish  3Ianure.     C.  N.,  iv,  pp.  13-23. 

Formation  of  Siliceous  Rocks.     C.  N..  iv,  pp.295,  2!l(). 

(Report  as  Cliemist  and  Mineralogist.)  On  Intrusive  ]{ocksof  ifontreal 
and  (Jrenville,  Minerals  from  Silurian  Rocks  and  History  of  Dolo- 
mites. C.  O.  S.  (report  of  progress,  1858),  \>\^.  171-218.  lU'itrinted 
in  part  in  C.  J,  v,  new  series,  pp.  420-442.  Abstract  in  S.  .1., 
second  series,  xxxi,  i».  124. 

Contributions  to  tlie  History  ol  Euphotide  and  Saus.surite,  S.  J.,  xxvii, 
pp.  336-349;  Erd.  J.  P,"s.,  Ixxx,  1860,  pp.333-330. 

On  Some  Reactions  of  tlic  Salts  of  Lime  and  ^lagnesia,  and  on  tlie  For- 
mation of  Gypsum  and  Magnesian  Rocks.  S,  J.,  xxviii,  pp.  170- 
187,  3G5-383.' 

Notes  on  Some  Points  in  Cliemical  Geology.  B.  A.  R.,  1860  (Part  2), 
pp.  83,  84  ;  C.  N.,  iv,  18.59,  pp.  414-425;  (J.  S,  J.,  xv,  pp.  488-490; 
S.  J,,  XXX,  1800,  pp.  133,  137.     Republislied  in  C.  &  G.  E. 

1800. 

Analysis  of  Canadian  Wolfram.     C.  J.,  v,  p,  103. 

On  the  Intrusive  Rocks  of  the  District  of  Montreal.  C.  .1.  v,  pp.  426- 
442, 


» 


oO 


On  the  Titanaiiircroiis  Iron  Ores  of  Cnniidii.     C.  N.,  ii,  pp.  41,  42. 

Uu  the  Kornmtion  (»t'  (iypsinns  iiml   DulDniitos.     O.  8.  .J.,  xvi,  pp.   V)2- 

184. 
Sur  les  relations  (Mitre  los  niiitiercs  ainyloiilcs  ot  allmniinoidcs.     Paris, 

C.  U.,  1,  |)p.  118(1,  1187;  .lour.  (It;  IMiarni.,  xxxviii,  pi».  122,  123. 
On  Home  of  tiie  luineous  Kocks  of  Canada.     S.  J.,  xxix.  pp.  2H2-2H4. 
Notes  on  the  Dolonutes  of  the  Paris  Hasin.     S.  .1.,  xxix,  pp.  284-280. 
Review  of  Some  Points  in  the  (Jeology  of  the  Aljis.     (Memoire  sur  les 

terrains  liassiipie  et   lieiiperion  de  la  Savoie  par  Aiphouse  Fiivre). 

J.  S.,  (second  series),  xxix,  pp.  118-124. 

1801. 

Xote  on  Chloritold  from  Canada.     S.  .1.,  xxxi,  |>p.  442,  44'i. 

On  Ozone,  Nitrous  Acid  and  Xitrovien.     S.  .1.,  xxxii,  pp.  109,  110. 

On  tiie  Taconic  System  of  Dr.  Kmmons,  S.  .1.  (seeond  series),  xxxii, 
pp.  427-4:{0;  xxxiii,  pp.  13.j,  18(i. 

On  Some  Points  in  Cliemical  (Jeoloiiv.     H.  A.  R. 

On  the  Tlieory  of  Types  in  Chemistry.  C.  ,1.,  vi,  pp.  120-129;  C.  K., 
lii,  247-2.50:  P.  .M.,  xxii.  pp.  15-23;  S.  J.,  xxxi.  pi».  25G-2t't4. 

On  Some  Points  in  American  (Jeology.  C.  N.,  vi,  pp.  81-100;  S.  .1., 
xxxi,  pp.  392-414.  Reprinted  in  part  as  "The  Origin  of  Moun- 
tains"' in  C.  it  (;.  E. 

On  the  Origin  of  Some  Magnesian  and  Aluminous  Roeixs.  C.  N.,  vi, 
pp.  180-184:  S.  .1.,  xxxii,  p.  280  ;  C.  Xew.s,  vi,  1802.  p)).  1.58-100. 

Notes  on  the  History  of  Petroleum  or  RoeiiOil.  C.  N..  vi,  pp.  241-25.5  ; 
C.  News,  vi,  1802,  pp.  5,  0,  10-19,  35,  36. 

Mr.  Rarraiuleon  the  Primordial  Zone  in  Nortii  America,  and  on  the  Ta- 
conic System  of  Eniiuoiis.    C.  N.,  vi,  pp.  374-383. 

1802. 

Considerations  sur  la  chemie  du  globe.     C.  It.,  liv,  pp.  1190-1105;  C. 

N.,  vii.  pp.  201-205. 
Note  on  the  Taconic  System  of  Emmons.     C    N.,  vii,  pp.  78-^0;  S.  .T.. 

xxxiii,  p.  188. 
No'  '  !  Occurrence  of  (Jlauconite  in  tiie  Lower  Silurian  Rocks.     S. 

(»nd  series),  xxxiii,  i)p.  277,  278. 
;heinistryof  the  Earth.     C.  N.,  vii,  pp.  201-205;  C.  R.,  June  9, 

1802. 
.-»escriptive  Catalogue  of  Collection  of  Economic   Minerals  of  Canada, 

and   of  its  Ciystalline  Rocks   sent   to  the    Loudon   Exhibition    of 

1802.     C.  (t.  S.,pp.  01-03. 
Note  on  the  Various  Theoretical  Views   Regarding  the  Origin  of  tlie 

Primitive  Formations,  liy  C.  F.  Naumann.  C.  N.,  vii,  pp.  262,  263. 

1803. 

Note  sur  la  nature  de  I'azote  et  la  theorie  de  la  nitrification.  C.  R.,  Iv, 
pp.  400-462.     P.  M.,  XXV,  pp.  27-29. 


0 


ol 


42. 
,  pp.   1')'^- 

•s.    Pftris, 
»,  123. 
WJ-3H4. 
84-280. 
ire  sur  lef. 
Hi  Fivvre). 


,  110. 

Ifs),  xxxii. 


129;  C.  U.. 
-2<'>4. 

.10(»:  S.  .1., 
of  Moviii- 

C.  N.,  vi, 
l.-)8-l<)0. 
p.  241-255  ; 

on  the  Tii- 


0-1 195;  C. 

i-HO;  S.  J.. 

Hocks.     S. 

R.,  June  9, 

of  Canadii, 
:hibition    of 

igin  of  the 
)p.  262,  263. 

C.  H.,  Iv. 


On  tlu!  Clirniicnl  iin<l  .Miiicraloirinil  Ucliilionsof  Mi'liunorpliic  Uocks.  C. 

N'.,  X,  pp.  1».')-20H;  I).  G.  S.  J..  X,  lH(i4,   i»p.  85-y5;  S.  .1..  x.xxvi,  p. 

214.     UcpuhllslR'd  in  C.  &  O.  A. 
On  liic  Euilirs  Clinnit.-  in  Palieozoir  Times.   C.  N.,  vlii,  i)p.  323-:«28.  S. 

J.,  xxxvi,  p.  ?M. 
Sur  la  nature  ilii  Jade.     C.  K.,  Ivi.  pp.  12.')5-1257  ;  S.  .1.,  xxxvi,  p.  420. 
t'ontrilnilions  to  tin-  Ciieinicai  and  Geoloirical  History  of  Hituniens  and 

of  I'vrosrinsis  or  Hittnninous  Slmlts.     S.  .1.,  xxxv,  1.*)7-1T1. 
On  tlic  Gold  .Mines  of  Canada  and  the  Manner  of  Working  Tin  in.    C.  N,, 

viii.  pp.  13-19. 

1864. 
C'ontrihutions  to  Fiithology.     V  Theoretical  Notions.     2.  Classification 

and   Nomenclature.     S.  .1.,  xxxvii,  pp.  248-2(i6  ;  C.  N.,  i,  jti).  16-36, 

161-189. 
I.aurentian  Hhizopods  of  Canada.     S.  .1.,  xxxvii,  p.  431. 
Contributions  to   Litliology.      3.  On  Some   Eruptive    Uocks.      1.   Local 

!M('tamorphisn»,     S.  J  ,  xxxviii,  pp.  '.H-104,  174-1H5. 
Notes  on  the  Silicifications  of  Fossils.     C.  N.,  i,  pp.  46-50. 
On  Peat  and  Its  Uses.     C.  N.,  i,  pp.  426-441. 
(/ii  (Organic  llemaius  in  the  Launntian  Itock  of  Canada.     H.  A.  It. 

IHiiS. 

Vorkommen  des  Apatits  in  Canada.  Neues  Yahrli.  Mineral,  p.  84."); 
Halle,  Zeitsehr.  (fcsanimt,  Naturwiss.,  xxv,  p.  297. 

Contributions  to  the  Chemistry  of  Natural  Waters.  S.  ,1.,  xxxix,  pp. 
176-lit3  ;  C.  N.,  ii,  p.  1-21,    161-183,  276-29!».     Reprint  in  C.  <S:C,.  E. 

On  the  .Mineralogy  rtf  J^ozoon  Canadense.     C.  N.,  ii,  pp.  120-127. 

.V  (ieographical  Sketch  of  Canada.     C.  N.,  ii,  pji.  3.")6-3f»3. 

On  tile  Mineralogy  of  Certain  Organic  Remains  from  tlie  Liiurentian 
Rocks  of  Canada  (1864).  G.  S.  Quart.  J.,  xxi,  pp.  67-71  ;  P.  M., 
xxix,  pp.  76,  77. 

Petroleum,  Its  Gecdogieal  Relations,  with  Si)ceial  lU-ferencc  to  Its  Occur- 
rence in  Gaspe,  with  map.     3Iontreal.     Pi».  19. 

1866. 
On  Petroleum.     P.  A.  A.,  xv,  pp.  29,  30.     C.  N.,  iii,  pp.  121-123. 
On  the  Metallurgical  System  of  Messrs.  Whelidey  and  Storer.   P.  A.  .V., 

XV,  pp.  30-84. 
»)n  the  Primeval  Atmosphere.    P.  A.  A.  S.,  pp.  xv,  34-37;  C.  N.,  iii,  pp. 

117-120. 
On  the  Laurentian  Limestones  and  their  Mineralogj-.     P.  A.  A.,  xv,  pp. 

54-.")7  ;  C.  N.,  iii,  pp.  123-125. 
Further  Contributions  to  the  History  of  Lime  and  Magnesia  Salts.  S.  J., 

xlv,  pp.  49-67, 
Report  "On  Geology  and  Mineralogy  of  the  Laurentian  Limestones,"' 

"On  the  C-eology  of  Petroleum  and  Salt,"   "Porosity  of  Rocks," 


52 


•IVal."     C.  <J.  S.,   Hei>oit   of  Pn.uncss   for   ISOS-W),  pp.  ISl-SUl. 
Ottawa. 
Hopoit  oil   I  lie  (Ji)l(l  Region  of  Lower  Ciiiuula.     C.   (J    S.,    l{eporl  ot 
Progress  fr.  1863  to  1806,  pp.  7'.»-90. 

186T. 

On  tlie  Objects  iiiul  MetJiod  of  Mineralogy.     S.  J.,  xliii,  i.p.  203-207.    A. 

.\.  !•..  vii,  pp.  23S-242.     Heprint.a  in'  ('.  A  O.  K. 
On  the  Mineralogy  of  Crystalline  Linieslones.     Geol.  Mug.,  iv,  pp.  357- 

3»)0,  432-477,  478;  Les  Monties,  xv.  pp.  17-24;  Airliives  Sci.  Pliys. 

Nat.,  xxxi,  ISC'     i)p.5-14;  C    X.,  iii,  lsG8,  pp.  225-231;   Koy.  Instil. 

Pro<.,  V,  186!..  ,.p.l78-lM5;  Sniitlisonian  I{ei)orts,  18)19,  pp.  182-207. 
Surla  formation  ties  gypses  et  des  dolomites.     C  !{.,  l.viv,  pp.  815-817. 
Sitr  (|Ueli|nes  reactions  de  silo  nnignesieiis  et  sur  les  rocUes  magnesiferes. 

C.  H.,  Ixiv,  pp.  M4(i-849. 
Snr  les  petroles  ile  I'Americine,  dn  Nord.     Paris,   Hull.  Soc.  G4i»l.,  xxiv, 

pp.  570-573. 
Terrains  ancieiis  de  lAineriipic  du  Nord.     Hull.  Soe.  G^ol.,  xxiv.   pp. 

C64-t;))9. 
Siir   la   tlieorie  de  I'Origine  des  montagues.      Hull.   Soc.   G^>!.,    xxiv. 

087-(i89. 
l>L'seriptioii  ge.>logi(iue  dii   Canada       Ivpiis-e  (leologiijne    du    Canada. 

pp.  3-35. 
Hi'port  on  the  Gold  Kegion  of  Hastings.     C.  G.  S..  pp.  3-<!. 


1868. 

On  Some  Points  in  the  Geology  of  ViMinont.     S.  .T.,  xlvi,  pp.  222-229. 
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HOOKS    WKITTE>    HV    OH     T.    STEUUV    IIU.NT. 

Chemical  and  (Geological  Essays  : 

First  Edition  published  in  1874. 

Second  Edition  with  new  Preface,  1878. 

Third  Edition,  1890. 

Fourth  Edition.  1891. 
Mineral  Physiology  and  IMiysiography. 


or.  TranR., 
Indian  Rec. 

eviewpd  bv 


pagps,  8vo, 
in  Mineral- 
locks,"  and 


the  Lower 
Committee 


61 

A  Second  Series  of  CI.emieai  an.l   Geological    Kssays   wi.i.  a  (Jen.Tul 
Introdnction  : 
First  Kdition  imblislied  In  issf!. 
Second  Kdiiiou  win,  m-w  i'lcliue,  1H9(». 
A  New  Basis  (or  Chenii.slry:  A  (Jlienilcal  Philosopl.v.  IHHT.     Translated 
I'y    I'roC    W.   Sprin-  i„i„    French  an.l    pnl.lisj.e.l  in    fans  and 
l.iege  as  Un  S.vsl.'ni<'  ClH-Mni.ine  Nouveaii,  IHSl) 
Systenmti,-  Mineralogy  based  o„  a  Natural  C'lassilication  with  a  (Jeneral 
Introduction,  1801. 

Special   Report  on   Ihe  Trap   I)yl<,.s  an.l  Azoic   !{ocks  of  Southeastern 
Ja'Diisylvania,  lISTH. 


RXTHA  i,i:("nni:s. 


1806 

1872, 


xvii,  p.  504. 
Can.  Royal 


Geol.  Rev. 
,  p.  212. 


i.,  4th  sess. 
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Published 


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1875. 

1875. 

1875. 
1870. 

1870. 

1870. 

1877. 

1881. 

1883. 

1884. 

1885. 

1880. 

1886, 

1888. 

1889. 


1807    Lectures    on   Chemical   an.l   Physical    Geography    .lelivered 
l)el.)ro  the  L.)\v.'ll  Inslitulc,  Bost.)n. 

Twenty  lectures  on  Chemistry  delivere.l  belor..  ll...  La.lics'  Educa- 
tional Institute,  .Montreal. 

Six    lectures   on    Clu-nustry   of  the    Waters   .leliven-.l    b.-f,,,,.  the 
Boston  Society  of  Xatural  Hist.)rv,  Boston. 

One  lecture  on  the  Constitution  of  Wat.ras  Related  lo  Modern 
t  heniistry  and  Physics,  b.^fore  Examiner  (  hib 

One  lecture  on  the  Glazier  Period,  delivered  for  the  Lit    an.l  Hi. 
Society  of  Quebec. 

Kighteen  lectures  on  the  Practical  Geology  of  the  V.  S.,  Boston 
Eighteen  lectures  on  Elementary  Gology". 

A  Course  on  the  Older  Rocks  before  the  B.)ston  Society  of  Nat 
History. 

The  Building  .)f  the  Earth,  delivered  in  Salt  Lak.'  City 
Chenucal  Hist.,ry  of  the  Earth,  before  Chestnut  Street  Club 
Coal. 

Twelve  I.'cturcs  on  Mineral  Physiology  In-fore  L.,w,.ll  Institute 

Ihe  Manufacture  of  Iron,  before  Finance  Club,  Cambri.lirc,  Mass 

On  Arb.)r  Day,  Montreal. 

On  Geology,  Campobells. 

On  the  Ali)s,  Liverp.ml,  England. 

Thory  of  Volcanoes,  Montreal. 

Goethe  and  M.xlern  Scienc.-,  The  Concord  Sch..ol  .,f  Philos..phy. 


